Renewable Energy Prof. Peter Seligman, D. Eng
Inspired by Sustainable Energy – without the hot air by David Mac. Kay FRS Google: withouthotair
Definitions: Renewable: we can continue indefinitely Sustainable: we can do it for a long time but eventually will have to come up with something different. Zero carbon: we may run out in the foreseeable future but it’s still worth doing.
How much energy do we use? from ABARES Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics abare-brs. gov. au
Primary energy: Domestic: 5. 8 exajoules per annum Export: 13. 8 exajoules per annum Exajoule = 1018 Joule
Our domestic primary energy use: Domestic: 5. 8 exajoules per annum = 5. 8 x 1018 joules or watt seconds divide by 3. 6 x 106 = 1. 6 x 1012 k. Wh/annum divide by number of people: 22 x 106 = 73, 200 k. Wh/annum/person divide by hours in a year: 365 x 24 = 8360 Watts/person
Our domestic primary energy use: 8360 Watts/person x by 24/1000 = 200 k. Wh/person/day UK/Europe = 125 k. Wh/person/day
Primary energy: 8000 watts/person Heating Electricity generation Transport 80% efficient 30% efficient 20% efficient Average efficiency 50% End-use energy: 4000 watts/person
Where do we use energy? • Personal – – – – Food Electricity Gas Petrol Flying Stuff we buy House construction • Public – – – Factories Offices Shops Hospitals Schools Universities Public transport Sporting facilities Street lighting Cinemas, theatres Construction
About a quarter of our energy use is personal: 1000 watt/person Three quarters of our energy use is public: 3000 watt/person
Our energy use • Private 1000 watts (ten 100 watt globes)
Our energy use • Public 3000 watts (thirty 100 watt globes)
Total end-use energy • Per person: 4000 watts (forty 100 watt globes)
Distribution of total energy use
Electricity use National average electricity generation 25 GW over 22 million people: 1100 watts/person
Distribution of electricity use
How much power can a 1000 watt photovoltaic system produce? = 160 watts average
How much power person? = 40 watts average (remember we use 4000 watts each)
Output of a 1 k. W solar panel • 1000 watts nominal peak in bright sunlight • 800 watts under realistic conditions (temperature and inverter efficiency) • 400 watts taking into account night time • 320 watts taking into account sun angle • 160 watts taking into account cloud • 40 watts each for a 4 person family
Role of domestic solar PV • Elec. price rises due to distribution, not wholesale price • Increase distribution costs due to aircons • Each $1500 aircon adds $7000 to infrastructure cost • PV can provide power locally when it is most needed (best facing NW at steep angle)
We can’t solve a big problem by thinking small
Renewable energy system • • • Wind Solar Geothermal Wave Utility scale energy storage High voltage DC (and AC) links
How much power from the wind? 5 turbine diameter separation between turbines 2 watt/m 2 2 – 3 turbine diameters in non-prevailing wind directions Typically: 4. 5 watt/m 2 Land is still suitable for farming
Wind Power • Turbines now up to 7. 5 MW • Technologically mature • Capacity factor 30% • Average output 2. 3 MW per turbine
Turbine technology • • • Enercon E 126 turbines 7. 5 MW Gearless design 138 m hub height 127 m blade diameter
A question of storage Wind power in South Australia and Victoria From Wind farming in South Australia
Large scale solar - California 1984 345 MW peak: 75 MW average http: //www. itas. fzk. de/deu/tadn 013/image 37. jpg
Andasol 1 to 3 Granada Spain 50 MW turbines 20 MW average courtesy Ferrostaal AG.
Molten salt storage
Torresol Gemasolar Molten Salt Solar • solar power at night • “Baseload” “Dispatchable” solar – better than coal
Gemasolar in Spain 2011 20 MW turbines 12. 5 MW average
Large scale solar courtesy Ferrostaal AG.
Liquid salt storage tanks courtesy Ferrostaal AG.
How much power from the sun? Solar radiation: 1000 watts/m 2 • Taking into account night-time and cloud 160 watts/m 2 • Taking into account 15% efficiency 24 watts/m 2 • Taking into account shading and access 4. 5 – 15 watt/m 2
How much of Australia? • 200 km square • 4. 5 watt/m 2 • 8000 watt/person
Geothermal energy from hot dry rocks http: //sen. asn. au/renewables/geothermal
Geothermal resources in Australia • Hot Dry Rocks • Heat build-up in radioactive granite + residual heat from earth’s core • Typical power flow 50 – 100 millwatts/m 2 • Not renewable but usable over 400 years • Could supply about 800 watts person (end use)
Geothermal resources in Australia http: //www. ga. gov. au/image_cache/GA 10036. pdf
How much power from waves? • • 2000 km of Australian south coast 100 – 160 k. W/linear metre Extraction efficiency: 5 – 10% Could supply about 900 watts person (end use)
Tidal power? • North West Australia 10 metre tides: 150 watts person (end use) • Port Phillip Bay 10 watts/Melbournian
Supply, demand curtailment From BZE Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan
Nullarbor pumped seawater electricity storage Bunda cliffs From Google Earth
200 GWh battery
Okinawa pumped seawater electricity storage
High Voltage DC links • Low loss power transmission over long distances • No current due to line capacitance • No eddy current losses is wires • Lower peak voltage (or higher average voltage)
High voltage DC links • 1700 km in the Congo, built 1982 • Longest 2100 km, China • Highest power: 6400 MW, China and India • Basslink: 300 km cable, 600 MW http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_HVDC_projects
More HVDC details • May use monopole (earth return) • DC is the only practical solution to undersea cables • Power loss: 2% / 1000 km, 1. 5% in converters http: //www. utilities-me. com/article-690 -electricity-highway-powers-throughchina/
AC-DC-AC Converter http: //www. energy. siemens. com/hq/pool/hq/power-transmission/HVDCClassic/TSQ-Valvehall-b. jpg
Transformer for High voltage DC power line Courtesy Siemens AG
Wiring diagram for Oz
An energy strategy for Australia Resource Watts/person Proportion of resource Hydro 73 Existing Geothermal 682 Currently measured resource fully used Wave 18 3% of coastline Solar 909 0. 06 % of country Wind 909 0. 13% of country compatible with farming Total 2600 (end use UK, Europe)
Transport • • • Biofuels from algae? Unwanted CO 2 as feedstock for algae. Hydrogen Ammonia – NH 3 ? ! Electrification of road transport Use of transport batteries for large scale energy storage
Efficiency and waste
Why do we need to do this? We don’t have a Planet B! (Madeleine Trau – 8 years old)
Beyond Zero Emissions
ZCA 2020 Available online and in print from MEI: www. energy. unimelb. edu. au or… www. beyondzeroemissions. org
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