Renewable Energy Integration The Only Real Sensible Approach

Renewable Energy Integration The Only Real Sensible Approach must be done a resource optimized regional level

Overall Focus Current and future sources of energy n What’s best in terms of most efficient combination of capital cost, land use, ecological footprint, material use. Distributed Generation How to improve the Grid Local Energy Storage

The Business as Usual Trajectory BP website (BP. com)

World Energy Consumption to 2025 http: //www. eia. doe. gov/oiaf/ieo/world. html

Primary energy consumed per capita BP website (BP. com)

Global Fossil Carbon Emissions Wikipedia. org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

And if we require continued Fossil Fuel usage as transport fuel then Alternatives to Crude Oil must be used These alternatives will do incredible environmental damage due to the great inefficiency involved in extracting a barrel of oil. And of course, Coal remains the choice for producing the bulk of electricity

Tar Sands http: //www. protectowire. com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels. htm http: //www. aapg. org/explorer/2005/05 may/dinning. cfm

Oil Shale http: //nandotimes. nandomedia. com/ips_rich_content/896 -shale_rock. jpg http: //geosurvey. state. co. us/Default. aspx? tabid=104

Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant Category Power Plant 100 W Light Bulb Power 500 MW 100 W Energy / year 3. 5 billion k. Wh 876 k. Wh Coal / year 1. 43 million tons 714 lbs Sulfur Dioxide / year 10, 000 Tons Nitrogen Oxides / year 10, 200 Tons Carbon Dioxide / year 3, 700, 000 Tons 5 pounds 5. 1 pounds 1, 852 pounds

CO 2 Mitigation Options http: //www. netl. doe. gov

Carbon Sequestration Options http: //www. whitehouse. gov/omb/budget/fy 2006/energy. html

Ocean Sequestration http: //www. lbl. gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish. html

Nuclear Energy Consumption – a green alternative to fossil emission

Transportation Concerns http: //www. nei. org/index. asp? catnum=2&catid=84

Wind Energy

US Wind Energy Generation

Recent Capacity Enhancements 2006 5 MW 600’ 2000 850 k. W 265’ 2003 1. 8 MW 350’

Costs Nosedive Wind’s Success 38 cents/k. Wh 3. 5 -5. 0 cents/k. Wh Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit

Solar Energy Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales http: //www. c-a-b. org. uk/projects/tech 1. htm

Large Scale Solar – Land Use Issues http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Solar_panel

Small Scale Solar – yes , yes

Oceanic Energy

“Mighty Whale” Design – Japan http: //www. jamstec. go. jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/

Ocean Wave Conversion System http: //www. sara. com/energy/WEC. html

Geothermal Energy Plant Geothermal energy plant in Iceland http: //www. wateryear 2003. org/en/

Methods of Heat Extraction http: //www. geothermal. ch/eng/vision. html

Global Geothermal Sites http: //www. deutsches-museum. de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe. jpg

Bioenergy Cycle http: //www. repp. org/bioenergy-cycle-med 2. jpg

Types of Biomass

Landfill Gasses Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Hydrogen Economy Schematic

Transporting Hydrogen

One Transition Plan UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES http: //www. unido-ichet. org/ICHET-transition. php

Distributed Generation as the New Power Grid

Centralized vs. Distributed Generation http: //www. nfcrc. uci. edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary. htm

Central Power Generation (today) Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants n Waste Heat (Nuclear) n Environment Unfriendly (Co 2) n Health Unfriendly (Nox, So 2, Pm 10, Hg) Nuclear Plants n Waste Disposal Hydroelectric Plants n Flooding Unreliable (2000 -2003) n 110 Grid Failures n Cost $80 -123 B. /Yr n Adds 29 -45% To Electric Bill http: //www. pharmaciaretirees. com/distributed_generation. htm

Distributed Generation Located next to user Range of energy sources n Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, n Hydrogen, nuclear Capacity kw –Mw Economic benefits n “Waste” heat used n Lowers fossil fuel use n Low investment n Power failure losses eliminated n Environmental/ health costs reduced n Grid costs – peak/capital n Lower electric bills Flexibility of location Cogeneration n Combined heat & power (CHP) http: //www. pharmaciaretirees. com/distributed_generation. htm

Sources of DG Solar – photovoltaic and thermal Wind Turbines Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) Geothermal Oceanic Nuclear Fossil Fuels n Combined Heat & Power (CHP) http: //www. pharmaciaretirees. com/distributed_generation. htm

Microturbines Low to moderate initial capital cost Fuel flexibility, n burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene) Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP Extremely low air emissions n NOx, CO, and SOx Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60 kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96, 000 rpm.

Microturbine Systems http: //www. wapa. gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01 Jun/microturbine. htm http: //www. cleanenergyresourceteams. org/microturbines. html

Micro-Hydro http: //www. itdg. org/? id=micro_hydro_expertise http: //www. greenhouse. gov. au/yourhome/technical/fs 46. htm

Summary n Solutions Exist both on small scale and very large scale n We do not really have an energy crisis – we do have an energy by fossil fuel crisis n Transition requires leadership and courage and commitment – a true test of humanity as a global entity. n OTEC, Wind, Small Scale Solar, Snakes, Dragons, Hydrogen Production represents solution space