Renaissance Prince Ludovico Sforza 1452 -1508 What

Renaissance Prince Ludovico Sforza 1452 -1508

What messages could patronage send to society? A. The ruler was wise B. The ruler was generous C. The ruler was pious/religious D. The ruler was favored by God E. The ruler ensured God’s favor

Why did Renaissance rulers spend so much money on patronizing the arts? A. They recognized that art could increase the awareness of humanity B. They were intent on creating more beautiful world to live in C. They thought such patronage could increase their prestige D. They had very little else to do with all their money

Sforza’s father was a mercenary captain before he became the Duke of Milan

Emperor Rudolf II 1552 -1612 r. 1576 -1611

Rudolf as Vertumnus Roman god of seasons by Arcimboldo c. 1591

Giovanni di Bici de Medici 1360 -1349

Baldassare Cossa anti-Pope John XXIII 1370 -1419

Cosimo de Medici 1389 -1464

Donatello’s David 1434 Early Renaissance Sculpture

Filippo Brunelleschi 1377 -1446

Brunelleschi’s Dome Cathedral of Florence

The Pantheon

Byzantine Architecture: Hagia Sophia

French Gothic at St. Chapelle

Il Magnifico Lorenzo de Medici

Michelangelo Tomb of Lorenzo de Medici

Sandro Botticelli 1444 -1510

Primavera c. 1482

Birth of Venus c. 1485

Savonarola anti Medici Coup 1494

Bonfire of the Vanities

Niccolò Machiavelli 1469 -1527

Michelangelo Buonarroti David 1501 -4

Pope Leo X (Giovanni de Medici) with Future Pope Clement VII (Julio de Medici)

Alessandro de Medici 1510 -1537

What are some of the signs that technology is a defining feature of modern western culture? What are some of the scary consequences of our reliance and faith in technology?

Mons Meg – c. 1450

Finals exam short answer question • How did the transformation of warfare during the 1300 s contribute to the rising stature of the middle class?

Hussite Wagon Fortress

Papermaking, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris Inside a Printing Works, Bibliotheque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris

Timeline for the Printing Press • 1100 s & 1200 s: Chinese and Koreans develop moveable type • 1000 -1400 s: Demand for books grows in Europe • 1300: Scriptoria spread from monasteries to cities • 1455: Gutenberg publishes his 42 -line Bible • 1500: Approximately 9 million books across Europe • 1517 -1530: Luther bases his challenge to the authority of the pope on a book • 1543: Copernicus publishes De Revolutionibus • 1600: Giordono Bruno burnt for embracing Copernican views

The Forty-Two-Line Bible 1455

Dürer Self Portrait in Venice 1498

Dürer Self Portrait 1500

The Apocalypse 1498 Conquest, War, Justice, Pestilence

Adam and Eve

Adam and Eve Engraving 1504

Ptolemy’s Map

Ptolemeic Map

Mappae Mundi T-O map Terra Oceana

Genoese Map c. 1457

Waldseemuller’s Map, 1507

Roselli, 1508

Ortelius’ Map, 1597

Printing before Gutenberg • By the eleventh century the Chinese had developed both moveable type and paper, the two critical ingredients for mass production of print • However, print technology does not seem to have spread in China during this period • This experience contrasts rather markedly from the widespread diffusion of printing press technology in Europe during the second half of the 15 th century and suggests that the demand for books was particularly strong in Europe during this period. In other words as historians have studied the phenomenon of print, it has led them to realize that literacy rates in Europe may have been relatively high compared to other areas of the world

Printing before Gutenberg • During the fourteenth century lay scriptoria began to spread throughout Europe • These lay scriptoria were workshops dedicated to the production of books • Monasteries had maintained scriptoria since the early Middle Ages but the demand for books increased dramatically during the fourteenth century especially in university towns and major commercial cities throughout Europe where literacy rates and the demand for books were particularly high • Consequently lay scriptoria, which operated as workshops in medieval towns, employed scribes who were continuously employed in the production of manuscripts

Printing before Gutenberg • Typically scriptoria worked under contracts from wealthy patrons who desired to obtain large quantities of books to bestow upon their clients and acquaintances as a reflection of their power • In other words, just as painting and architecture reflected the power of wealthy patrons, so books too represented the knowledge available to the European aristocracy • The diffusion of lay scriptoria during the fourteenth century was aided in part by the increasing availability of paper, which was considerably cheaper to produce than vellum • By the late fourteenth century printers were experimenting with mechanical printing processes that used wooden blocks to mass produce books

Printing before Gutenberg • Wooden block printing, xylography, had a several serious drawbacks – The wood broke, chipped, and cracked – The carving of the printed blocks was time consuming – The letters on the page were not re-usable on other pages and because each letter was carved individually, they lacked uniformity • By the 1420 s two different solutions to this problem were developed – Use of metal type – Wooden block letters could be reused on pages

Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1380 s-1468) • Son of a patrician (aristocrat) from Mainz in modern Germany, he was exiled and lived in Strassbourg for most of the 1430 s and 1440 s • Appears to have worked as a silversmith during this period • Was perpetually in debt for most of his professional life • A lawsuit from 1438 indicates that he was working on an invention related to a press at this time

The Diffusion of Print Technology • Within twenty five years of the production of the Gutenburg Bible, printing presses were either producing books or under construction in virtually every polity in Europe • The printing press spread especially rapidly within the Holy Roman Empire where demand for printed Bibles appears to have been particularly strong • The total number of books in Europe increased from approximately 100, 000 to about nine million between 1455 and 1500 • The most popular book in print was the Bible, which more or less guaranteed printers a solid return on their investment for setting up a press

William Caxton, 1422 -91 • Established the first printing press in England during the late 1470 s • Caxton was prolific – He translated 24 books – Published 100 books, virtually everything available in his time including Canterbury Tales, Morte D’Arthur, and many other native English works • His patrons were the crown and nobility; however, his output was varied, and he also produced books with popular appeal

William Caxton, 1422 -91 • The first English printer; had an enormous influence on English literature • Began his career as a successful wool merchant on the Continent where he became interested in history and printing • One of his earliest books printed in 1474 in Bruges was the Game and Play of Chess, which treated chess as an allegory for life • Soon thereafter he returned to England set up his printing works in Westminster • He printed the first English book produced by a printing press, Dictums and Sayings of the Philosophers, in 1478

Impact of the Printing Press • Historians are still trying to measure and determine the impact of the printing press • It clearly accelerated an already noticeable increase in literacy that was well under way by 1300 • It provided for the first time a wide availability of the principal book of the Christian tradition: the Bible • Prior to the printing press, most Christians had never read any part of the Bible or heard the Bible read in their own language; that situation changed in the century following the Gutenburg Bible • In addition to increasing the familiarity with Bible, printers learned to produce pamphlets and other writings which had a ready market

Albrecht Dürer, 1471 -1528 • German artist who utilized the printing press to produce large quantities of his printed engravings to a mass market • By demonstrating the use of the press to cheaply produce art for common people, Dürer demonstrated to his contemporaries how to loosen the grips of patronage on artistic and intellectual development • His breakthrough work was Apocalypse which was essentially a pictorial representation of the Biblical book of Revelation

Summary & Conclusion • Gunpowder increased the deadliness of warfare and the relative simplicity of gunpowder weapons encouraged democratization of the military • The compass was one of many navigational inventions that encouraged European discoveries and conquest – we will cover this topic when we address the rise of northern Europe next week

Summary & Conclusion • As humanism spread from its late Medieval origins in Italy to northern Europe, it contributed to the separation of intellectual endeavors from Church control; patronage proliferated • Humanism also increased the general interest in original texts and eventually new translations of the Bible based on older and more reliable texts • The increasing demand for Bibles and other ancient texts encouraged the development of the printing press in the middle of the 1400 s • Similar to humanism, the printing press contributed to both the diffusion of literacy and familiarity with Western literary traditions

Summary & Conclusion • The printing press was a transformative technology because – It enabled to dissemination of information on a previously unimagined scale – It provided a feedback mechanism for publishers to continuously improve their editions – It encouraged challenges to authority by exposing the flaws of the ancients whose authority had frequently received acceptance – It encouraged religious fanaticism as individuals could claim biblical authority for their violent actions – It facilitated the growth of the scientific method

Summary & Conclusion • As Bibles and other texts became available throughout Europe, the Church increasingly lost control over the reading and interpretation of Biblical passage • Furthermore, intellectuals increasingly sought to challenge papal and Church practices by noting that the Bible failed to demonstrate precedents for many medieval Christian practices • Consequently the impact of the printing press and humanism on the development of the Protestant Reformation can hardly be overemphasized • However, this result was not the intended purpose of most literary humanists and publishers, and many other factors contributed to the phenomenon that we call the Reformation

How have technology and science come to occupy a similar position to that of religion in earlier cultures?

Where do you obtain most of your information? A. Traditional media: TV, Newspapers, Radio B. Internet sites & social media C. Word of mouth, conversations D. Books and articles E. Something else

Which source do you consider most reliable? A. Traditional media: TV, Newspapers, Radio B. Internet sites & social media C. Word of mouth, conversations D. Books and articles E. Something else

Discuss the Printing Press • How did print encourage the Protestant Reformation? • What was the likely impact of cheaper, translated Bibles? • What impact did print have on authority? • What reaction did authorities likely have to the printing press? • How did it influence humanism? • How did it encourage the development of science?

Medieval Scriptoria • Began in monasteries • Spread to urban craftsmen during 13 th and 14 th centuries • Normally worked under contract from rich patrons • Satisfied a growing appetite for books

Print contributed to the decline of the prestige of the Church leaders

How did print encourage religious fanaticism?

Print unleashed a torrent of inaccurate and misleading material

Print changed the reputation of the ancients by exposing their flaws

Adam and Eve

Print removed the dependence on patronage

Print encouraged the development of science. De Revolutionibus 1543

How did all of these development happen?

Why was the Bible a good choice for the first book to publish?

A Book of Hours

What does this choice as the second book printed tell us?

Humanism 1300 -1525 Portrait of a Humanist by Giovanni Bellini c. 1490