REINFORCEMENT THEORY Ospanova Anar Pyak Olga Rimzhanova Azhar

REINFORCEMENT THEORY Ospanova Anar Pyak Olga Rimzhanova Azhar

Outline • Background of reinforcement theory – Law of effect • Types of reinforcement – – – Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Extinction Positive punishment Negative punishment • Schedules of reinforcement • Implication in management and applicability of RT in KZ

Law of Effect v Published in 1911 by American psychologist Edward Lee Thorndike v A principle of learning that states “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation”.

Background and development • B. F. Skinner, in 1948 • Combination of rewards and / or punishments is used to reinforce desired behavior or extinguish unwanted behavior • "an individual’s behavior is a function of its consequences. "

Types of reinforcement Positive Applies stimulus Reinforcement Increases the frequency of desirable behavior Positive Reinforcement Punishment Decreases the frequency of undesirable behavior Positive Punishment Negative Removes stimulus Negative Reinforcement Extinction Negative Punishment

Positive reinforcement Give (+) what individuals like when performed the desired behavior. – Use of the reward system Examples: Ø If a child completes school year with excellent grades, parents will buy bicycle. Ø If employee receives all KPIs the bonuses will be provided. they have

Negative Reinforcement Remove (-) what individuals do not like when they have performed the desired behavior. – A person is rewarded for desired behavior by having something unpleasant removed Examples: Ø If a child do what parents tell, they will not punish child. Ø If employee do all what manager expects, there is no need for strict monitoring.

Extinction is the disappearance of a previously learned behavior when the behavior is not reinforced. Extinction is similar to punishment in that its purpose is to reduce unwanted behavior. It implies absence of reinforcements. Examples: Ø A child will stop crying when parents stop give him something to make him calm. Ø The cookies were removed from the office because employees spend time for breaks and chatting.

Positive Punishment Give (+) individuals what they do not like when they have performed the undesired behavior. Examples: Ø If the student fails the exams, he has to attend additional classes during summer. Ø To rearrange the employees’ work place and put together manager and subordinates together.

Negative Punishment Remove (-) what individuals like when they have performed the undesired behavior. Examples: Ø A child is not allowed to watch TV while his performance at school will not be improved. Ø Remove an office worker who disrupts his co-workers by constantly chatting about non work-related subjects.

Schedules of Reinforcement The timing of the behavioral consequences that follow a given behavior. • Continuous schedules - the desired behavior is reinforced every single time it occurs. • Intermittent schedules - the behavior is reinforced only part of the time (on irregular basis). – Ratio Schedules: reinforcement after a specified number of responses have been completed – Interval Schedules: reinforcement given for a response that occurs after the passage of a specified amount of time.

Basic Types of Intermittent schedules ü Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of behaviors. – a car salesperson might receive a bonus after every ten sales – factory workers who are paid according to the number of products they produce ü Variable Ratio: reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses that vary around a specified average number of behaviors. – call centers offering random bonuses to employees

Basic Types of Intermittent schedules ü Fixed Interval: behavior is reinforced only after a specified amount of time has passed. – receiving a paycheck every week or once per month ü Variable Interval: behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time has passed. – fishing (a fish may be caught at intervals of approximately every two minutes; every hour; or every two days). – special recognition for successful performance.

Implication in management and applicability of RT in KZ. • Positive Reinforcement: Provision of financial bonuses, benefits, personal issues, stimulus to motivate, courage employees. • Negative Reinforcement: Strict division among departments, internal policies (strict schedule for smoking). • Extinctions: Put some limit on phone balance in order to avoid personal calls. • Positive Punishment: To make employees’ computers be monitored, record phone calls (for call centers). • Negative Punishment: The free schedule work remove, official warnings.

References • • • Anonymous (n. d. ). Reinforcement Theory of Motivation. Retrieved on June 6, 2015 from http: //www. managementstudyguide. com/reinforcement-theorymotivation. htm Barnett, Tim (n. d. ). Reinforcement Theory. Retrieved on June 6, 2015 from http: //www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Pr-Sa/Reinforcement. Theory. html Glass, Meredyth and Media, Demand (n. d. ). How Can Managers Use Reinforcement Theory to Motivate Employees? Retrieved on June 6, 2015 from http: //smallbusiness. chron. com/can-managers-use-reinforcement-theorymotivate-employees-18559. html Mc. Leod S. , (2007). Skinner - Operant Conditioning. Retrieved June 23, 2015 from http: //www. simplypsychology. org/operant-conditioning. html Redmond, Brian Francis (n. d. ). Overview of Reinforcement Theory. Cody Gustaveson on Feb 01, 2015. Retrieved on June 6, 2015 from https: //wikispaces. psu. edu/display/PSYCH 484/3. +Reinforcement+Theory Williams C. (2013). Effective Management, Cengage Learning, pp. 385 -386.

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