Regents Review Let the countdown begin….
Mercantilism ¢ ¢ Colonies existed for: the benefit of the mother country Examples Virginia Bay Colony, Massachusetts Colonies will provide mother country with raw materials and markets for finished goods Prohibit colonies from: trading with any other country
Proprietors ¢ Individuals in the new world who were directly responsible to the crown ¢ What is a charter? Official document granted rights to colonists from the government ¢ Magna Carta-1215 first evidence of a new political system in the Americas
European Enlightenment Influenced colonial political thought ¢ John Locke ¢ Jean Jacques Rousseau ¢ Government received its authority from the people, NOT DIVINE RIGHT ¢ What is divine right? ¢ ¢ Belief that a ruler’s authority comes directly from God
Self-Government House of Burgesses: 1619 Virginia’s legislature ¢ Mayflower Compact: 1620 Pilgrims, make “ just and equal laws for the general good. . ” ¢ Albany Plan of Union-1754 Ben Franklin ¢
Navigation Acts Basic framework for: England’s Atlantic colonies ¢ 1650 Parliament passed the following: ¢ Banned foreign shipping from colonies l Colonies could not export certain goods to other countries l Routed all trade through England l Prohibited colonial manufacturing l
French and Indian War *1763 *Salutary neglect *Details of war *Eliminated France as major world power in North America
Road to Revolution ¢ Navigation Acts(18 th century): tightened England’s control on trade to American colonies ¢ ¢ ¢ Writs of Assistance(1760) Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act(1764): attempt to reduce smuggling in the British colonies in North America ¢ Stamp Act(1765): first tax on goods imported to America ¢ ¢ Quartering Act(1765) Townshend Acts(1767): indirect tax on goods imported from Britain from the American colonies
Colonial Resistance ¢ Patrick Henry John Dickinson John Hancock Sam Adams ¢ Boston Massacre(1770): clash between British soldiers ¢ ¢ ¢ and colonists. 5 colonists were killed ¢ Boston Tea Party(1773): dumping of massive amounts of tea into Boston harbor by colonists ¢ Intolerable Acts(1774): laws passed to punish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party ¢ First Continental Congress( 1774) ¢ Lexington and Concord(1775): places were war was fought in Boston ¢ Fort Ticonderoga( 1775) Second Continental Congress(1775) ¢ ¢ Declaration of Independence( 1776): document signed after Revolutionary war declaring American colonies independent from Britain
Constitutional Foundations ¢ Articles of Confederation: document adopted by the Continental ¢ ** BUT IT FAILED** ¢ Land Ordinance of 1785: law that establishes a plan for selling the land west of the Appalachian Mountains ¢ Northwest Ordinance of 1787: law that establishes a steps on how a state can be admitted into the Union ¢ Constitutional Convention: set up by law makers to change the Articles of Confederation. This is were the Constitution was written and compromises established Congress and then the states that outlined the form of government of the New United States
Constitutional Compromises ¢ The Great Compromise: establishes the two house legislative branch. All ¢ 3/5 ths Compromise: agreement to count 3/5 of state slaves as population ¢ Slave Trade Compromises(1850): Congress was given the power to ban the slave trades ¢ ¢ sates will have equal representation in one house and population representation in the other house for purpose of representation and taxes Tariff Compromises Presidency Compromises ¢ Preamble: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Constitutional Compromises ¢ Limited Government: lessened the power of the federal government ¢ Representative Government: people will be represented equally in government ¢ Federalism: dividing the power between the central government and state and local governments ¢ Separation of Powers: powers were equally divided among the three branches of government ¢ Checks and Balances: system that prevents any one branch of government overpowering another branch.
Ratification ¢ Federalists: supporter for the Constitution ¢ Anti-Federalists: person against the ¢ Bill of Rights: 1 st ten amendments to the ¢ Amendment Process: process of how an ¢ Democratic Republic: political party Constitution. Gives citizens their natural born rights. policy or law being considered becomes on amendment. formed by Andrew Jackson. Broke away from the Republican party ¢ Division of Powers: assignments of different powers divided among the branches of government.
Constitution ¢ Strict/Loose Constructionists: Federalist wanted a strict interpretation of the Constitution and the Anti-Federalist wanted a loose interpretation of the Constitution. ¢ Elastic clause: A statement in the US Constitution granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the list of powers it was granted. ¢ 3 branches: Legislative, Executive, Judicial Branches ¢ Electoral College: group selected by the states to elect the President. In which each state’s number of electors that is equal to the number of senators and representatives they have in Congress ¢ Supreme Court-Marbury vs. Madison: Landmark court case that gave the Supreme Court the right to declare laws and policies unconstitutional. This became known as Judicial Review.
Political Parties ¢ Federalists: supporter of a strong national government ¢ Democratic Republicans: supported a state and central government rule ¢ Whiskey Rebellion: farmers in Pennsylvania refused to pay the excise tax placed on whiskey. The fought against the army and lost. Hamilton said that this rebbellion showed that the national government can enforce the law. ¢ John Marshall: chief justice of the Supreme Court. He brought the decision to the people about Marbury vs. Madison ¢ Executive privilege: The right of a President and other top officials of the executive branch to withhold information from Congress and the courts.
Hamilton ¢ Treasury: Head of all government money ¢ 5 goals: Establish a national bank Issue new bonds to cover the old ones Federal government assume the debts of the states Pay of all foreign debt Nation owed soldiers bonds and certificates of payment for their service in the war ¢ ¢ ¢
Early Foreign Policy ¢ What does FP mean? : A foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. ¢ Neutrality: refuse to take part in a war between other nations ¢ Farewell Address: A farewell address is usually a speech given by a political figure upon the occasion of retirement. In U. S. history, notable farewell addresses include George Washington's farewell to his troops at Fraunces Tavern in New York City. ¢ Jay’s Treaty: signed with the British to evacuate the Northeast territories. However, they could still fur trade and this made Americans angry. This treaty did not solve anything. ¢ Pinckney's Treaty: Spain gave up all claims to to land east of the Mississippi River and recognized the 31 st parallel above Florida. Spain also allowed American traders into New Orleans
War of 1812 ¢ James Madison: Become president decided to go to war with Britain to stop them from trying to strangle the trading of Americans ¢ War Hawks: congressmen from the South and the West wanted to expand the white territory into where the Native Americans live ¢ Treaty of Ghent: declared an armistice( end of fighting) between Americans and the British
Territorial Expansion ¢ Louisiana Purchase: purchased in 1803 by ¢ Sold for $15 million the U. S. from France. Extended the territory from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. ¢ The Monroe Doctrine: policy of U. S. ¢ Manifest Destiny: belief to expand the United opposition to any European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere States westward to the pacific Ocean and Mexican territories.
Era of Good Feelings ¢ Reciprocation: the act of making and return or doing something in return ¢ Calhoun: Jackson’s Vice-President. Supported slavery. Believed in states rule not Federal government rule ¢ Webster: was a United States Senator and Secretary of State. Famed for his ability as an orator, Webster was one of the most important figures in the Second Party System. Like Henry Clay, his patriotic devotion to preserving the Union lent him to find compromises between the northern and southern sections of the country. ¢ Andrew Jackson: defeated in Presidential election went on war path against Adams to convince the citizens that he was corrupt ¢ Henry Clay: deciding vote in the election of Adams or Jackson
Bank Controversy ¢ Mc. Culloch vs. Maryland: Concepts: “Necessary & Proper” Clause/Federal Supremacy v. State Rights Issue Whether the state of Maryland had the right to tax a federal agency which was properly set up by the United States Congress. Opinion In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the “power to tax involves the power to destroy, ” and that the federal government’s national bank was immune to state taxation. The Court reasoned that Congress could set up a United States Bank and write laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its constitutional power to coin and regulate money.
Manifest Destiny ¢ Definition: U. S. expansion westward to the Pacific Ocean ¢ Louisiana: Purchased through Louisiana Purchase from France ¢ Texas: fought for independence from Mexico. Won and annexed into U. S. in 1845 ¢ Oregon: resolved by the 54’ 40’ parallel from Britain ¢ Mexican War: Fought for territory of Arizona, New Mexico and California. Won war and territory with Treaty of Guadalupe in 1848
Debate on Slavery ¢ Missouri Compromise 1820: ¢ Compromise of 1850: ¢ Kansas-Nebraska Act:
Debate on Slavery ¢ Dred Scott vs. Sanford: ¢ John Brown’s Raid: ¢ Lincoln: ¢ Secession of South Carolina:
Civil War ¢ Causes: ¢ Border states: ¢ Secession: ¢ Emancipation Proclamation:
Reconstruction ¢ Political struggles: ¢ Johnson: ¢ Radical Republicans
Reconstruction ¢ Tenure of Office Act: ¢ Carpetbaggers: ¢ 13 th Amendment: ¢ 14 th Amendment: ¢ 15 th Amendment:
Southern Response ¢ Poll Tax: ¢ Literacy Tests: ¢ Grandfather clauses: ¢ Jim Crow: ¢ De Jure/ De Facto Segregation: ¢ KKK
Corruption ¢ Grant: long-term scandals in his administration. ¢ Credit Mobilier affair: construction company made large profit ¢ Whiskey Ring: revenue collectors and other officials accepted ¢ Tweed Ring: corrupt politicians that pocket almost $200 ¢ Would estimate a construction project at $11 million and it would only cost $3 million. The politicians pocket the rest of the money. from a railroad company. bribes from whiskey distillers so they could avoid paying taxes million from the city in payoffs. l Thomas Nast: political cartoonist who would ridicule Tweed and his administration about these illegal activities.
End of Reconstruction ¢ Tilden vs. Hayes: Tilden held the popular vote , but Hayes held the electoral votes. 20 ¢ Supreme Court/ 14 th Amendment: Ruled that citizenship in the U. S. protect their rights if ¢ Civil Rights Cases: the federal government could not punish whites who oppress the ¢ Plessy vs. Ferguson: separation of races in public accommodations was legal and it did not violate the 14 th amendment. This established the “separate but equal” clause on all transportation and public places. electoral votes were disputed and a commission was appointed to deal with the problem. First election won by the electoral college. interstate traveling and federal protection when traveling on the high seas or to different countries blacks as well as states could deny suffrage to blacks. Both rulings no longer gave power to the federal government to protect African –Americans rights.
Political Alignments ¢ Republicans: is one of the two major political parties in the United States‘ ¢ it is regarded as the more conservative of the two parties Republicans have had a strong belief in individualism, limited government, and business entrepreneurship ¢ Democrats: is one of two major political parties ¢ in the United States, have been the more liberal. The Party advocates civil liberties, social freedoms, equal rights, equal opportunity, and a free enterprise system tempered by government intervention. The Party believes that government should play a role in alleviating poverty.
The Rise of American Business ¢ Industrialization: replacement of hand tools and machines and working from the home to development of large scale machines and working in the factories. ¢ Capitalism: economic system were private businesses and corporation control production and use it to make a profit. ¢ Laissez-Faire: policy that allows business to operate with out government involvement. ¢ Tenant farming: system of farming where farm workers supply their own tools and rent the farmland. ¢ Sharecropping: landowners give farmers land, and supplies in return for a part of the crops they raise.
Business ¢ Mergers: The joining of two companies to achieve greater scale of ¢ Trusts: method of consolidating competing companies and run as ¢ Interlocking Directorates: Two boards of directors which share at ¢ Holding Companies: corporation formed to buy up the stock of productivity. one big corporation by buying the stock holders out. least one director in common; illegal if the two companies are competitors. other companies and creates a monopoly
Business ¢ Horatio Alger: United States author of inspirational adventure stories for boys; virtue and hard work overcome poverty ¢ Carnegie: one of the world's greatest philanthropists and also one of the wealthiest men who ever lived. He owned the largest steel manufacturing company. ¢ Rockefeller: built Standard Oil into the largest company in the world, and ¢ JP Morgan: was an American financier and banker, who was one of the ¢ was for a time the richest man in the world. wealthiest men in America. Henry Ford: was the founder of the Chevy Motor Company. He was one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the production of affordable automobiles.
Business Court Cases/Acts ¢ Munn vs. Illinois: case in which the U. S. Supreme Court upheld the power of government to regulate private industries. ¢ Wabash vs. Illinois: Court ruled that Congress must set rules on interstate trade and states could not limit it ¢ Interstate Commerce Act: regulates power of the railroads like their rates and prohibit railroad pools. ¢ Sherman Anti-Trust Act: first government attempt to outlaw monopolies forbid trusts, pools or other things of restraining trade
Labor ¢ Knights of Labor: admitted all workers regardless of race, gender. ¢ American Federation of Labor: accepted only skilled or craft ¢ Industrial Workers of the World: accepted industrial workers Wanted 8 hour work day, no child labor, equal pay for both genders workers. Wanted 8 hour work day, no child labor, equal pay. of the female gender and immigrants. Goal was to improve the sweat shops conditions in the garment industry.
Labor Union Methods ¢ Collective bargaining: process of negotiating a contract between a union and an employer. ¢ Mediation: a neutral person seeks to work out an agreement between laborers and management. ¢ Strike: workers stop working and demands are made to their employer ¢ Boycott: to not use, buy, or deal with the companies products and a means to express a protest ¢ Picketing: group of people that station themselves outside an place of employment and discourage other workers or other people from entering ¢ Lockout: keeping workers out of a job site
Labor Unions Punishments ¢ Scabs: hiring substitute workers to break the strike ¢ Injunction: court order to stop strikes ¢ Yellow dog contract: workers pledge not to unionize as a condition of employment ¢ Blacklist: employers circulate a lists of undesired worker who led strikes ¢ Lockout: keeping workers out of a job site
Immigration ¢ Assimilation: where minority groups gradually adopt the customs and attitudes of the culture they are living in ¢ Homogeneous Culture: based on the new comers being changed into English-speaking and acting American ¢ Melting Pot Theory: all immigrants are different, but are melting into the new culture that changes everyday in society ¢ Cultural Pluralistic Theory: diversity in the U. S. , but has same political, economic institutions as well as same language. ¢ Anti-Immigration Reactions l Know Nothings l Sought to restrict immigration and limit office holding by naturalized citizens
Immigration ¢ Chinese Exclusion Act: law passed by Congress for ten years prohibiting Chinese immigration into the United States ¢ Gentlemen’s Agreement: negotiation between U. S. and Japan denied passports to Japanese heading to the U. S. and California promised to desegregate their schools ¢ Literacy Tests: immigrants had to demonstrate the ability to read in their own language or English before receiving a Visa ¢ Emergency Quota Act: limited the amount of immigrants into the U. S. after WWI. Limited to 350, 000 a year ¢ National Origins Act: Further limited immigration. Prohibited Asian immigrants and limited Northern and Western Europeans by 1/4 the amount above ¢ National Origins System: Limited immigration further to 150, 000 a year
Native American Struggle Proclamation of 1763: prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. Reserved the land for the Native Americans. ** IT FAILED** ¢ Northwest Ordinance: Government would treat the Native Americans in ¢ good faith, it would never take land without their permission. ** WAS MEANINGLESS** ¢ Indian Removal Act: government mandated the army to remove the eastern Indians to west of the Mississippi River. ¢ What is happening to their land?
Populism ¢ Populist Party: • • • ¢ ¢ Government control of railroads Graduated income tax 8 hour work day Government ownership of telephone and telegraph Restrict immigration Free/unlimited coinage of silver at a specific rate of 16: 1 William Jennings Bryan: Democratic candidate. Supported farmers and low tariffs. William Mc. Kinley: Republican candidate. Supported gold standard and high tariffs.
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