Regents Review Global History and Geography Global

Regents Review Global History and Geography

Global History and Geography AGENDA Purpose: To help you organize your review for the Global History and Geography regents exam so that you can walk into the exam in June CONFIDENTLY! Process: • Examine the Format of Regents Exam • Organize Review and Study Strategies • Review Test Taking Strategies • Writing the DBQ

FORMAT Part 1 50 Multiple-choice questions Parts 2 and 3 Essays • Thematic essay • Document Based Question (DBQ) • scaffolding • essay No choice: You must write 2 essays You must demonstrate your knowledge of content and your skills of analysis, organization, and writing as you address these two essay tasks. Your essays will be evaluated using rubrics.

TEST TAKING SKILLS 4 Read all directions carefully. 4 This is a timed test. You have 3 hours to complete the test so work efficiently. • First do the chronologically organized multiple choice questions. • Next do the DBQ 8 write responses to the scaffold questions 8 organize your essay 8 write the essay • Last do thematic essay

Use These STRATEGIES 4 For multiple choice • Read the question carefully, underlining key words • Eliminate wrong foils or answers 4 For DBQ scaffold questions • Read the question below the document • Read the document carefully, underlining key ideas which will help answer the question • Write the response using information directly from the document. 8 Make your answer as complete as possible 8 Write complete sentences

FOR ESSAYS 4 Read the question or task carefully. Underline key words. Be sure you understand what you are required to do. 4 Read the rubric. Underline key words. 4 Organize information needed to respond to the question. For the DBQ include outside information and information from the documents 4 Write introductory paragraph- thesis statement, controlling idea, definition of the topic, introduction of what you will prove in the essay. 4 Write body paragraphs- one for each topic. 4 Write a concluding paragraph.

REVIEW STRATEGIES ORGANIZE your review • Identify the most important topics • Create study aids--charts, flash cards, timelines, graphic organizers, maps to organize key information • Keep your review materials in a folder SCHEDULE review time on your calendar. Be sure you have a quiet place.

REVIEW STRATEGIES ACTIVELY STUDY your materials. Do what works for you--make cards in colors, draw pictures of vocabulary words, make illustrated timelines, study with a friend. PRACTICE doing multiple choice questions and writing DBQ and thematic essays. BELIEVE you can do it. Set goals and get started reviewing.

Review Strategies for Content CHRONOLOGICAL ERAS Graphic organizer/ timeline for era Outline of important content Chart of important themes/concepts: Geography Revolutions Conflict Political systems Nationalism Science& Tech. Economic systems Imperialism Belief systems Human Rights Movement of Goods & People Change Interactions

Global History & Geography RED = GLOBAL 9 ONLY 1. Ancient World (4000 BC-500) 2. Expanding Zones of Exchange & Encounter (500 -1200) 3. Global Interactions (1200 -1650) 4. First Global Age (1450 -1770) 5. Age of Revolutions (1750 -1914) 6. Half Century of Crisis & Achievement (1900 -1945) 7. 20 th Century Since 1945 8. Global Connections and Interactions

4000 BC - 500 AD • Early River Valley Civilizations • Classical Civilizations • Belief systems 500 AD - 1600 AD • • • Rise of Empires Golden Ages Early Middle Ages Age of Transition Exploration Encounter 1600 - 1900 • Absolutism • Enlightenment, Evolution British Democracy, French Revolution, Lat. Am. Rev. • Industrial Revolution • Nationalism 1900 - 1945 • World War I • Russian Revolution • Dictators & WWII 1945 - present • Cold War, independence movements, changes in Middle East, Africa, Asia

Egypt Rome Greece Mesopotamia India China

Home Ancient World CIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGION 4000 BC - 500 AD Ancient River Valleys Contributions Nile / Egypt Tigris & Euphrates Mesopotamia Indus India Huang He China

Back EGYPT / NILE • Irrigation System • Pyramids • Pharaoh • Hieroglyphics • Polytheistic religion • Irrigation systems

Back TIGRIS & EUPHRATES MESOPOTAMIA • • Code of Hammurabi: early law code Irrigation systems Calendar Cuneiform • Wheel • Many conquerors • Temples: Ziggurats • Polytheistic

Back INDUS INDIA • Planned cities: grids • Plumbing and sewage systems • Hinduism - caste system • Sanskrit writing • Adapted

Back HUANG HE CHINA • • Walled cities Calligraphy - writing Rice cultivation Dynasties

Back ANCIENT WORLD Civilizations and Religion 4000 BC - 500 Contributions of Classical Civilizations Greece Rome Han Dynasty (China) Mauryan Empire (India) Mayan

Back GREECE • Architecture - Parthenon • Science and math • Philosophy - questioning spirit, human reason, Socrates, Plato • City states Athens - democracy Sparta - military

Back ROME • • • Centralized government - empire and army Engineering - roads, aqueducts Law - Twelve Tables Pax Romana - promoted trade Christianity Latin language

Back DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Political corruption • Economic problem - inflation, unemployment, cost of empire • Military decline • Loss of morale • Barbarian invasions

Back MAYAN (Mesoamerica) • • • Architecture- temples, palaces Math, number system Calendar Astronomy Writing system Agrarian, maize

Back MAURYAN EMPIRE (India) • Buddhism • King Asoka ·tolerant of all religions · built hospitals, roads spread of B · encouraged education and

Back CLASSICAL CHINA • Zhou dynasty - teachings of Confucius and Lao-zi • Qin dynasty - Great Wall of China • Han dynasty - Golden Age ·civil service examinations · merchants - trade · Silk Road - connected China & India to Middle East

Ancient World Civilizations and Religion 4000 BC - 500 MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS • • • Daoism Confucianism Buddhism Hinduism Judaism • • • Christianity Islam Janism Animism Shintoism

Home Major Belief Systems of the World Religion Confucianism Daoism Buddhism Hinduism Location Major Beliefs Impact

Home Major Belief Systems of the World Religion Judaism Christianity Islam Animism Shintoism Location Major Beliefs Impact

Back IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS ANIMISM • Interpret and view natural forces and patterns of nature • Unified people in Latin America CHRISTIANITY • Led to conflict in the Crusades • Protestant Reformation • Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture

Back IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS ANIMISM BUDDHISM • Meditation important; cultural diffusion -- spread from India • Caste system HINDUISM • Conflict in Partition of India • Sacred objects - Ganges River and cow (don’t eat beef)

Back IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS ANIMISM CONFUCIANISM DAOISM • Influenced Chinese government and education Mandate of heaven • Influenced some ancient Chinese leaders • Study of natural world led to advances in science

Back IMPACT OF BELIEF SYSTEMS ISLAM • Unified people in Middle East • Conflict in Crusades • Partition of India • No alcohol or pork JUDAISM • Diaspora - Jews spread • Anti-Semitism in Medieval Europe • Jews persecuted • Holocaust • Pogroms in Russia • 1948 Israel created and conflict

PRACTICE MULTIPLE CHOICE The civilizations of the Sumerians, the Phoenicians, and the Mayans were similar in that each 1. emphasized equality in education 2. established monotheistic religions 3. encouraged democratic participation in government 4. developed extensive writing systems

Home Global Interaction-Key Questions 500 -1600 • What is a Golden Age and what were the achievements of each of the major empires? • How did the empires spread and interact? • What was Europe like after the fall of the Roman Empire? Feudalism? Role of the Catholic Church? • How did Europe change during the Renaissance, Reformation, and Age of Exploration? • What was the impact of the Columbian exchange on the peoples of Europe, Africa and the Americas?

Home MEDIEVAL EUROPE FEUDALISM • Lord provided protection in exchange for loyalty and services of vassal • Decentralized government • Rigid class system • Self sufficient manor • Serfs • Feudalism in Japan similar: shogun, samurai, peasants

Home MEDIEVAL EUROPE CATHOLIC CHURCH • Unified people - common religion, sacraments • Economic role - Church owned land collected • Educational role - monks in monasteries copied books • Built cathedrals • Pope powerful - crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor and called for the Crusades

Home DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 1 • CRUSADES - holy wars in which Christians wanted to regain the Holy Land from Seljuk Turks • IMAPCT: 1. New ideas - Arabic, Greek, and Roman learning; awareness of other cultures-Renaissance 2. New products (silk, spices, coffee etc. ) increased demand --trade--Commercial Revolution-Exploration 3. Breakdown of feudalism--Rise in power of kings

Home DECLINE OF FEUDALISM - 2 • BLACK DEATH (bubonic plague) 1348 -1353 --Rats with fleas carried the disease from Asia; entered Europe on trading ships • IMPACT -- Killed 1/3 of European population -- Loss of peasant labor - decline of manors -- Guilds declined as craftsmen in towns died

Home AGE OF TRANSITION RENAISSANCE • What? Rebirth of interest in learning; Golden Age • Where began? - Italian city-states - Florence • Emphasized: Humanism Secularism • Art: Michelangelo - da. Vinci • Scientific change: Copernicus - Galileo • Literature: Machiavelli - Shakespeare • Technology: Gutenberg

Home PROTESTANT REFORMATION • What? Martin Luther wanted to reform the Catholic Church - posted 95 Thesis • Luther’s Ideas 1. sale of indulgences wrong 2. faith alone necessary for salvation 3. Pope and clergy not necessary - read Bible yourself • Other leaders: John Calvin - Henry VIII • Results: 1. end of religious unity, religious wars 2. growth in power of king 3. Counter-Reformation: Jesuits Council of Trent Inquisition

Home EXPLORATION • Causes: 1. Desire foreign products that Crusaders brought back and Marco Polo described 2. Search for new trade routes; all water route to the East 3. Navigational skills & instruments- maps, compass 4. Desire of European kings to gain wealth, power • Leaders: – Portugal: Prince Henry, Diaz, Da. Gama – Spain: Columbus, Magellan, Pizarro, Cortes Results: 1. Colonization of “New World” 2. Mercantilism

Home The Encounter Between Europe and the Americas Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas European: + exploration conquest colonization = The encounter between the European and American cultures

Home Encounter: Pre-Columbian Civilizations in the Americas • Mayans in Mexico and Guatemala: Advanced civilization- temples, palaces, math, calendar, writing system • Aztecs in Mexico Advanced civilization-cities, palaces, writing, empire • Incas in Andes Mountains -Peru Advanced civilization- built cities, irrigation systems; empire connected by trails; record keeping system

Home Results of the Encounter Columbian Exchange-cultural diffusion to Europe - food (corn, beans, tomatoes, tobacco), gold & silver to Americas - animals, technology, diseases Transatlantic Slave Trade-triangular trade What: Due to the deaths of Native Americas (overwork in mines and plantations) more workers needed. 1 - Slaves were captured in west Africa and shipped to the Americas (the Middle Passage) 2 - Sugar, tobacco, raw materials sent to Europe 3 - Guns and manufactured goods sent to Africa This led to the death of many African captives.

Home Colonialism • Colonial government - Kings sent viceroys to administer the colonies • Colonial social system - rigid classes peninsulares - born in Spain, power& wealth, ruling creoles - descendants of peninsul. born in Latin Am. mestizos and mulattos - mixed blood Native Americans and Africans - worked on plantations and in mines • Encomienda system - feudal grant of land power over the workers on it--given to nobility

Home Commercial Revolution Rise of Mercantilism • What: wealth is based on accumulation of gold and silver • Colonies provide the mother country with raw materials, gold, and silver • Favorable balance of trade - mother country exports more than she imports • King’s power and wealth are used to support development of industries in France, Spain, etc. • Capitalism - entrepreneurs invest money for profit

Home Absolutism to Revolution 1600 -1830 s Absolutism Louis XIV Peter the Great Sulieman Akbar Revolution in France & Am. New Ideas + Scientific Rev. Enlightenment = Evolution of Constitutional Monarchy. England Independence movements in Latin America

Home Absolutism • Reasons for the rise of absolute monarchs 1. 2. 3. 4. Decline of feudalism and the power of the nobles Decline in power of the Catholic Church Support of middle class merchants Claimed Divine Right- monarch got his power from God; he was God’s deputy on earth • Monarchs used their wealth to build armies and navies to protect their colonial empires. • Hobbes said absolute monarchs were necessary to maintain order

Home Absolute Monarchs Louis XIV - France 1. “I am the state. ” 2. Palace at Versailles 3. Colbert - mercantilism Philip II - Spain 1. Spanish Armada lost to England 2. Defender of Catholicism Czar Peter the Great - Russia 1. Westernization 2. Windows to the West 3. Orthodox Church under his control

Home Absolute Monarchs Sultan Sulieman the Magnificent - Ottoman Empire Encouraged the arts Akbar the Great - Mughal Empire in India Built roads; encouraged the arts-Golden Age Other rulers at this time Tokugawa shoguns - Japan Checked power of feudal lords(daimyo) Isolated Japan Ming dynasty - China Expanded trade- sent Zheng He and navy to Indian Ocean later isolation and ethnocentrism Qing (Manchu) Dynasty

Home Enlightenment - Age of Reason Based on Ideas from the Scientific Revolution – Scientific Method - truth based on questioning, observation, and experimentation rather than the Bible and ancient thinkers • Copernicus, Galileo, Newton Enlightenment writers (the philosophers) believed the laws of nature and reason could explain human society and government

Home Enlightenment Writers John Locke - Two Treatises on Government 1. Men are born with natural rights of life, liberty, and property. 2. Men create governments to protect these rights. 3. If a government fails to protect their rights, they have the right to revolt or change the government. Rousseau - The Social Contract 1. “Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains. ” 2. Believed government should express the general will of the people.

Home Enlightenment Writers Montesquieu- The Spirit of the Laws 1. Separation of Powers - 3 branches of government Voltaire 1. “I do not agree with what you are saying but I will defend your right to save it. ” – freedom of speech Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations Economist who proposed laissez faire capitalism government should not be involved in the economy; let nature take its course

Home Evolution of Constitutional Monarchy in England Magna Carta (1215) – King cannot tax without consent of Great Council; trial by peers Model Parliament – Representatives of middle class had a voice in the government (Parliament) Puritan Revolution (1642 -1649) – Puritans in Parliament defeated absolute monarch (Stuarts), led by Cromwell Glorious Revolution 1688 – William and Mary agree to limited monarchy and sign the Bill of Rights of 1689 – Established a limited or constitutional monarchy; Parliament in control

Home French Revolution of 1789 Causes 1. Political - abuses of the Old Regime--absolute monarchs had bankrupted the country with costly wars and lavish living at Palace of Versailles. 2. Economic - unfair system of taxation--First and Second Estates (Clergy and Nobility) paid little taxes even though they owed much land collected taxes. 3. Social - rigid class system--Third Estate supported the other two estates; the bourgeoisie (middle class) resented the privileges of the nobility. 4. Intellectual - ideas of the enlightenment (Locke) and the American Revolution (Dec. of Independence)

Home Stages of the French Revolution 1. Old Regime - Absolute Monarch Louis XVI 2. Rule of Moderates - Third Estate declares Estates. General becomes National Assembly--issues the Declaration of Rights of Man and adopts a new constitution limiting power of the king 3. Rule of the Radicals - Robespierre & Committee of Public Safety--Reign of Terror - to protect France from foreign invasions and to eliminate internal opposition. French Republic established -”Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”- spread of democratic ideas 4. Strong leader - Emperor Napoleon I--Impact - Code Napoleon, nationalism; after defeat Congress of Vienna restored balance of power

END OF GLOBAL 9 MATERIAL Everything from this slide on is covered in GLOBAL 10 All slides in this slideshow support the ENTIRE GLOBAL HISTORY REGENTS EXAM

Home Latin American Independence Movements (1810 -1830 s) Causes: 1. Ideas from the American and French revolutions 2. Ideas of Enlightenment writers 3. After Spain & Portugal finished fighting Napoleon, they tried to reestablish control of their empires Leaders: Simon Bolivar, San Martin, Father Hidalgo Results: 1. Independence for Mexico, Haiti, and other Latin American countries 2. Caudillos (strong political bosses) gained control in several countries

Home Industrial Revolution What? • Change from the domestic system to the factory system – Domestic system - work done by hand in home – Factory system - work done by machines (assembly line) in factories

Home Why Did Industrial Revolution Start in England? • Natural resources - coal, iron ore • Workers available due to the Agricultural Revolution (inventions of machines, etc. ) so fewer farmers were needed on the farms • Capital/$ to build factories • Markets – domestic and colonies • Inventions - steam engine, spinning jenny • Transportation - rivers and canals to connect

Home Results of Industrial Revolution Positive: • Mass production of goods led to cheaper prices so people could have more • Factory owners, bankers grow in number, wealth, and power • Urbanization - cities grew with libraries etc. • Leads to imperialism and increased power for mother country

Home Results of Industrial Revolution Negative (problems): • Poor working conditions - long hours, unsafe factory conditions, low pay, child labor • Poor living conditions for workers in the cities (slums) • Pollution - water, streets, air

Home Solutions /Reponses • Adam Smith: laissez faire capitalism government should do nothing to solve • Parliament passed laws regarding safety in the mines, factories, minimum wages, hours • Unions organized workers and demanded minimum wages, hours (use strikes) • Karl Marx: Communist Manifesto, workers of the world unite; communism: everyone is equal

Home New Imperialism Chart: • What, Who, When, Why, Where, Results

Home Nationalism • Unites Germany and Italy • Divides Austrian Empire and Ottoman Empire • Leads to conflict - World War I

Home World War I (1914 -1919) MANIA (causes) • Militarism- Germany & France Large armies: British large navy • Alliances - Triple Alliance: Austria, Germany, Italy Triple Entente: England, France, Russia • Nationalism - France wanted revenge on Germany for defeat in Franco- Prussian War. Subject nationalities want independence • Imperialism - competition for colonies in Africa and for control in the Balkans • Assassination - of Austrian archduke by a Serb Immediate cause:

Home World War I – War and Peace • • War Trench warfare, poison gas, flame throwers U. S. enters and Russia drops out in 1917 President Wilson of U. S. 14 points – Freedom of seas, self-determination, end of trade barriers, League of Nations – Treaty of Versailles - Germany treated harshly-responsible for war (war guilt) and must pay reparations; Germany demilitarized, loses colonies and land

Home Russian Revolution of 1917 • Causes: – Absolute monarch - Czar Nicholas II--weak – Nobles-wealthy, land; poor peasants want land – Losses in World War I – Lenin and Bolsheviks have communist ideas of Marx; promise “Peace, land, bread” • Results: – Lenin and Bolsheviks win and take Russia out of World War I, set up Communist party; Stalin gets power after death of Lenin; Communist dictator, 5 year Plans, purge opposition, USSR

Home Rise of Dictators Hitler in Germany Stalin in USSR • Leader/dictator of Nazi party - appointed chancellor, promises to tear up Versailles Treaty and blames German problems on Jews (anti-Semitism) • Jews discriminated against, sent to ghettos & concentration camps-Holocaust (genocide) • Starts World War II • Communist dictator state planned, owned, controlled economy • 5 year plans--rapid industrialization, collectivized farms • Eliminated any opposition --Ukrainian kulaks (forced famine)

Home World War II (1939 -1945) Causes: Failure of appeasement • Axis aggression – Germany in Europe - Poland, France, invades USSR, Battle of Britain – Japan in Asia - against China and Pacific – Italy - Ethiopia in North Africa Results: Defeat of Germany and division; Japan bombed and occupied; now both are friends of U. S.

Home Independence Movements India Africa • Leader: Mahatma Gandhi used nonviolence, selfsufficiency, and civil disobedience to win Indian independence from Great Britain - Salt March • Partition of India into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan - violence • Kenya- Kenyatta and Maus fight against British and win independence • Nkrumah - followed Gandhi’s example and boycotted Br. Products; won independence in 1957 for the Gold Coast (name changed to Ghana)