Reformation AP notes Church 1300 -1577 n

Reformation AP notes

Church 1300 -1577 n Philip IV (the Fair) n 1296 excommunicated by Boniface VIII n Engineered election of Clement V n Began Avignon Papacy n n n n n Babylonian Captivity 1309 -1377 Pope Clement V: 1305– 1314 Pope John XXII: 1316– 1334 Pope Benedict XII: 1334– 1342 Pope Clement VI: 1342– 1352 Pope Innocent VI: 1352– 1362 Pope Urban V: 1362– 1370 Pope Gregory XI: 1370– 1378

Great Schism n n 1378—Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome April 8, 1378 Bartolommeo Prignano, later Urban VI, elected by Conclave of Cardinals Roman mob influenced the decision, even though he was morally the perfect candidate. His election caused his character to change— becomes rough and extravagant

n n n September 20, 1378: Growing dissatisfaction with Urban VI caused 13 members of the Sacred College to enter the Conclave at Fondi (Naples) Pope Robert of Geneva was elected, who took the name of Clement VII and resided at Avignon. Two popes divided Europe: Italian and German states, England, and Flanders supported the Pope of Rome. France, Spain, Scotland, and all the nations in the orbit of France were for the Pope of Avignon. Boniface IX succeeded Urban VI at Rome, followed by Gregory XII Benedict XIII was elected Pope after the death of Clement VII of Avignon.

n n n 1409 --Council of Pisa--cardinals elected Pietro Cardinal Philarghi as Alexander V, adding a third claimant to the Papal Throne instead of two. Many conferences, projects, discussions (often times violent), interventions of the civil powers, and catastrophes of all kinds followed. 1414 --the Council of Constance--deposed all previous popes. On November 11 1417, the assembly elected Odo Colonna, who took the name of Martin V, thus ending the Great Schism.

Religious life Majority of religious life in villages n Priests were peasants and poor n Most priests were spiritually equal to their flock n Education not enforced: most could barely read or write n

Religious Critics n Focused on three areas of concern: Clerical immorality n Clerical ignorance n Clerical pluralism and absenteeism n

Clerical Immorality Absolute celibacy accepted as church doctrine since 4 th century n Difficult to enforce n Concubines n Drunkenness n Gambling n Ostentation n

Absenteeism and Pluralism Many clerics held several benefices simultaneously, but rarely, if ever visited them n Did not perform spiritual responsibilities, but collected revenue; Money collected was sent to Rome to pay Italian priests’ salaries n Government officials given high church offices, which then governed the church n

n n n Bishops worked for their state and the church; the church paid for their services to the state. In most countries, members of the nobility held the highest church offices Most lived in splendor (not fishermen as Christ’s disciples had been) Popes lived like secular princes: Pius II (1458 -1464) loved stories, poetry Sixtus IV (1471 -1484) beautified Rome: Sistine Chapel, artists

Innocent VIII (1484 -1492) lived in luxury and scandal: advanced material wealth of his own family n Alexander VI (1492 -1503) had mistress and children he publicly acknowledged n Supported intrigue, promiscuity, poisonings; n The Borgia name was synonymous with moral corruption. n

! n Attempts at Church Reform

n n n n Spain: Cardinal Francisco Jimenez 1495—He and Queen Isabella worked to reform the Church in Spain. In 1507 : made a cardinal and Grand Inquisitor; 1516 after death of Ferdinand, was a secular as well as the ecclesiastical ruler of Spain. Very strict: insisted on the friars reforming their lives and lead good lives; if they did not, he would take steps to see to it that the friary would be removed or suppressed. Promoted education and especially the study of the Bible. Founded the University of Alcala to provide for clerical education. He was responsible for polyglot edition of the Bible.

n n Holland: Brethren of the Common Life: lived in simplicity n n n Fed hungry Clothed naked Visited sick Taught in local schools Religion was to be personal, inner experience Thomas a Kempis: The Imitation of Christ is model n Perfection in simple life n Centrality of scriptures in spiritual life n Movement seen in Netherlands, Central Germany, Rhineland n

Perception of Catholic Church n n n Most people loyal to church Local saints honored Pilgrimages to great shrines Church received money in wills Papacy wanted reforms: 1512 -1517 Pope Julius II summoned Ecumenical Council n n Recommended higher education for clergy Papacy responsible for bureaucratic corruption Doctrinal reforms suggested Too many obstacles to this reform

Martin Luther n n n 1483 -1564 b. Esleben Saxony Second son of copper miner University of Erfurt Masters of distinction by age 21 Studied to be lawyer, but thunderstorm changed his destiny

n n n 1505: Luther enters monastery of Augustinian Friars 1507: Ordained as a priest/earned doctorate of theology 1512 -1546: Professor of the Scriptures at University of Wittenberg Luther was conscientious friar, but constantly worried about his abilities to meet God’s demands John Staupitz: Luther’s confessor, suggested he study Gospels: St. Paul’s letters: Revelation— Salvation through FAITH in Christ, not external observances and penance

Events Leading to 95 Theses n Archbishop Albert held three benefices: n n n Magdeburg Halberstadt Mainz Papal dispensation needed to hold three offices simultaneously: Pope Leo X, building St. Peter’s Basilica, needed money n Albert borrows money from Fuggar family (wealthy bankers in Augsburg) to pay for the papal dispensation n Pope Leo X authorizes Albert to sell indulgences within his duchy to pay off debt n People streamed across border from Saxony to Jutenborg and Thuringia to buy indulgences n

Indulgences n Doctrine rested on three principles: n n n God is merciful but just Christ and the saints established a Treasury of Merits (with all of the good works and miracles done on earth) and the church can draw upon these as needed Church has the authority to grant sinners the spiritual benefits of those merits

n n n Originally, indulgence was for remission of temporal (priest imposed) penalty for sin Later, people believed in total remission for sin, either earthly or in purgatory. Albert hired Dominican Friar John Tetzel to sell indulgences n n Tetzel was business tycoon Advertising blitz to sell indulgences: n Slogans: “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”

n n n Tetzel very successful Indulgences bought for living and deceased; Created Chart with prices forgiveness of certain sins n (Church had no official doctrine on indulgences, so Luther wanted to discuss the subject critically n Posted a letter to the Archbishop Albert called 95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences

95 Theses Indulgences undermined seriousness of sacrament of penance n Competed with preaching of the Gospel n Downplayed importance of charity in Christian life n

n n n By 1517, 95 Theses translated into German and published Luther rejected salvation through good works Some theses challenged pope’s authority to grant indulgences Others criticized papal wealth Luther said there was no Biblical basis for indulgences His opponents said: to deny the legality of indulgences=denying the authority of the pope who authorized them

Where did Authority lie in the Christian Church? n n 1518 -1519, Luther studies history of papacy 1519: Luther and Catholic debater John Eck met at Leipzig Luther denied authority of pope and infallibility of the General Council Luther claimed Council of Constance wrong in its condemnation of Jan Hus

Papal Response n n n Letter from pope sent to Luther Condemned some of Luther’s propositions Ordered his books to be burned Gives him two months to recant or be excommunicated LUTHER BURNS THE LETTER PUBLICLY Jan 3, 1521: Luther’s excommunication to become final: more than religion: Germany in revolt

Charles V n n n 21 years old First Diet (assembly of the Estates of the Empire called at Worms Luther ordered to recant He does not Charles V declares Luther an outlaw Duke Frederick of Saxony protects Luther

Luther at Diet of Worms