REDUPLICATION Form Function Distribution Carl Rubino cr hoje com

REDUPLICATION Form, Function Distribution Carl Rubino cr@hoje. com

Part I FORM

Two categories considered Full (root) Reduplication: Tagalog intensive verbs: mag-isip-isip ‘to think’ ‘to ponder (seriously)’ Nez Perce lexical (Aoki 1963: 43) temul ‘hail’ vs. temulté: mul ‘sleet’

Partial Reduplication From lengthening/gemination to nearly full root: Pangasinan (Austronesian, Philippines) CV-: toó ‘man’ > totóo CV- ‘people’; amígo ‘friend’ -CV- amimígo ‘friends’; CVC- báley ‘town’ > CVC- balbáley ‘towns’ C 1 V- plato ‘plate’ > C 1 V- papláto ‘plates’ CVCV- manók ‘chicken’ CVCV- > manók ‘chickens’ Ce- duég ‘carabao’ > Ce- deréweg ‘carabaos’. (Rubino 2001)

Reduplicative Productivity Historical Loss, Ancient > Modern Greek Ce- perfect, γé-γrapha ‘have written’ Modern periphrasitc equivalent éxo γrápsi (have + participial form). ’ Retained forms in learned words: δe-δo-mena (Ce-give-mediopassive) ‘data’ γe-γon-os (Ce-become/happen-perfect) ‘event. ’

Reduplicative Productivity (cont. ) Nonproductive reduplicative borrowing in Greek Tsir-tsiplakis ‘buck naked’ Cf. Turkish bem-beyaz ‘very white’ Brian Joseph, p. c.

Reduplicative Productivity (cont. ) Indonesian Ce- vs. Full tua tangga laki luhur ‘old’ ‘ladder ‘male, husband’ ‘noble’ tetua tetangga lelaki leluhur Full (Lexicalized + Inflectional) mata ‘eye’ mata langit ‘sky’ langit gula ‘sugar’ gula ‘elders’ ‘neighbor’ ‘man’ ‘ancestor’ ‘spy’ ‘ceiling’ ‘sweets’

Universal? Languages that productively employ partial reduplication usually also employ full reduplication. (Moravcsik 1978: 328) Squamish (Kuipers 1967): total: k *a'i 5/k *ai 5 'play hide and seek' from the root k *ai 5 partial: s-l'll'lmut from the singular 'old people' s-l'lmu't

What part of base reduplicated? Frequency of affix type: Prefixes > Suffixes > Infixes Hunzib initial (N. Caucasian) CV(C) reduplication bat’iyab mu áL ‘different’ ‘after’ (Van den Berg 1995) bat’iyab mu. mu áL ‘very different’ ‘much later’

Medial Reduplication Choctaw (Muskogean) medial CV reduplication (Kimball 1988: 440) tonoli ‘to roll’ tononoli ‘to roll back and forth’ binili bininili ‘to sit’ ‘to rise up and sit down’

Final Reduplication Paumarí (Arawakan) Final disyllabic reduplication (iterative): a-odora-bakhia-loamani-hi 1 pl-gather. up-REDUP-frequently-really-theme ‘we keep gathering them’ (Chapman et al 1991)

Characteristics of Reduplicated Material • Number of phonemes in copy • Number of syllables • Number of repeated morae e. g. Ngiyambaa (Australian), first syllable + light second (not including final vowel lengthening or a coda consonant) (Donaldson 1980): magu-magu: ‘around one, ’ dhala-dhalarbi-ya (REDUP-shine-PRS) ‘to be pretty shiny’

Triplication Number of times reduplicand is repeated Mokilese (Harrison 1973): roar ‘give a shudder’ roar ‘be shuddering’ roarroar ‘continue to shudder’

Formal nature of Reduplicand Simple – copy does not differ from base Complex – mismatch, extra material Automatic – (in conjunction with other affix)

Complex Reduplication Mangarayi Plurals (Australian, Merlan 1982) Consonant of the second syllable + the vowel of the first syllable are copied to form a new second syllable in the derived word. walima ‘young person’ > walalima ‘young people’; yirag ‘father’ > yirirag-ji ‘father and children’

Complex Reduplication (cont. ) • Tuvan Diminutives (Harrison 2001) Copy of the entire base; s replaces initial C in reduplicand. For bases that are vowel-initial, an onset [s] is added to the reduplicand. aar ‘heavy’ > aar-saar ‘heavy: diminutive’ uuruk-suuruk ‘simultaneously’ SEE ALSO ECHO CONTRUCTIONS

Complex Reduplication (cont. ) Nias (Austronesian) Voicing with disyllabic reduplication: a-fusi ‘white’ a-vuzi ‘whitish’

Complex Reduplication (cont. ) Bisa Plural Verbs (C 1 + raised V 1 -) (Burkina Faso, Prost 1950: 53) to (walk on, sg. ) ba (do) naso (catch) son (insult) gar (pull) tuto (walk on, pl. ) biba nénaso suson gigar

Discontinuous Reduplication Alamblak intensives (Sepik-Ramu, Bruce 1984) ba joins reduplicated constituents: hingna-mar. Na-ba-mar. Na-mër work-RED-ba-straight-R. Pst-3 sm ‘he worked very well’ (Bruce 1984).

Discontinuous Reduplication (cont. ) Dholuo Mitigating Reduplication (Omondi 1982: 87) prefix + root + suffix > word + a + root + a. rech (fish). rech. arecha (any, mere fish) tedo (cook) tedo atédâ (just cooking) nyóro (yesterday) nyóro anyórâ (only yesterday)

Automatic Reduplication Ilocano Pretentatives (agin. CV-): singpet agin-si-singpet baknang agim-ba-baknang ‘virtue’ ‘pretend to be virtuous’ ‘wealth’ ‘pretend to be rich’

Some Reduplicative Constraints (on the form of the reduplicand) A. Phonological B. Morphological/Lexical

Phonological Constraints Nukuoro (Caroline Islands, Carroll 1965) Singular Actor vs Plural Actor [Initial gemination vs. Devoicing of Stops] seni ‘sleep’ sseni ‘sleep, plural actor’ gahu ‘cover up’ kahu noho ‘stay’ nnoho lele ‘fly’ llele bole ‘bawl out’ pole modo ‘unripe’ mmodo gada ‘smile’ kada And: huge ‘open, plural goal’ vs. hhuge ‘open, singular goal’

Phonological Constraints (cont. ) Majang (Eastern Sudanic, SW Ethiopia, Unseth) Monosyllabic roots = CVDisyllabic roots = -CV- from CV- of final syllable 3 s present continuous verb forms, with -ng 3 s suffix Monosyllabic Roots - Reduplicative Prefix ngaar- (go) ngaa-ngaar-ng (ng = N velar nasal) Disyllabic Roots - Reduplicative Infix turku (invert) turkuku-ng jumur (answer) jumumur-ng

Lexical Constraints (Word Classes) Ilocano Plurals High Frequency Animates (-C-) babai (girl) babbai (girls) ubing (child) ubbing (children) Proper Nouns (CV-) kabsat (sibling) kakabsat (siblings) gayyem (friend) gagayyem (friends) Common Nouns (Distributive CVC-) balay (house) balbalay (houses) tawa (window) tawtawa (windows)

Part II FUNCTION

With Verbs and Adjectives Number (plurality, distribution, collectivity) Distribution of an argument Tense; aspect (continued or repeated occurrence; completion; inchoativity); Attenuation, intensity Transitivity (valence, object defocusing) Reciprocity

Verbs, Adjectives (cont. ) Alabama (Muscogean, Hardy et al 1988) (Vowel lengthening temporary vs. permanent distinction) loca ‘to be black (covered in soot)’ lóoca ‘to be a black person’ as well as attenuation via Attenuating Gemination: kasatka ‘cold’ > kássatka ‘cool’ lamatki ‘straight’ lámmatki ‘pretty straight’.

Verbs, Adjectives, cont. Luiseño Iteratives (Uto-Aztecan, Kroeber et al 1960) lawi ‘to make a hole’ law-lawi ‘to make two holes, make a hole twice’ lawa-láwi ‘to make many holes, more than two’

Verbs, Adjectives (cont. ) Lampung Intensives (Austronesian, Walker 1976) Different degrees of intensity iconically match reduplicated form: balak-balak xa-xabay ‘very large’ ‘somewhat afraid’

Verbs, Adjectives (cont. ) Arapesh (Torricelli, Dobrin 2001) intensify or distribute the meaning of an action, often implying carelessness or lack of control on the part of the agent: su ‘touch, hold’ susu ‘touch all over, paw’ ripok ‘cut’ riripok ‘hack up’

Verbs, Adjectives (cont. ) Transitivity Dixon (1988: 48): Reduplication is the only way of deriving an intransitive (S verb) from a transitive “O” verb. Transitive: cula ‘sew’ (O verb) Reduplicated Intransitive: cula-cula ‘sew away’

With Nouns Number (and Distributivity) Case Indefiniteness Reciprocity Size (diminutives or augmentatives) Associatives

With Nouns (cont. ) Case Chukchi Absolutive Singulars (Chukotko. Kamchatkan, Dunn 2001) jokwa-t (eider. duck-pl) ‘eider ducks’ jokwa-jow (eider. duck-rdp[abs. sg]) ‘eider duck, absolutive’

With Nouns (cont. ) Ilocano Reciprocals (Austronesian) ngiwat ‘mouth’ ngiwanngiwat ‘mouth to mouth’ Yokuts Associatives (Penutian, Newman 1944) k’ his ‘buttocks’ k’ k’ his ‘one with large buttocks’

With Numbers Collectives, distributives, multiplicatives, and limitatives: Pangasinan limitatives tal-talora ‘only three’ Ao Naga distributives (Tibeto-Burman) final CVC reduplication asem ‘three’ > asemsem ‘three each’, ténet ‘seven’ > ténetnet ‘seven each’ (Gowda 1975: 39).

With numbers (cont. ) Ilocano Numeral Morphology Indefinite Numbers: (sumag. CV-) sumag-li-lima ‘about five’ Distributives: (sag. CV-) sag-li-lima ‘five each’ Limitatives: (CVC-) lim-lima ‘only five’

Alteration of Word Class Kayardild (Pama-Nyungan, Evans 1995) kandu ‘blood’ > kandu ‘red’ Luiseño (Uto-Aztecan, Kroeber et al 1960) lepi ‘to tan, soften’ > lepé-lpi-s& ‘pliable’ Tigak (Austronesian, Beaumont 1979) giak ‘send’ > gigiak ‘messenger’

Alteration of Word Class (cont. ) Nama Causatives (Hagman 1977: 18) !óm ‘difficult’ > !óm!om ‘make something difficult’ Note that high tone lowers to mid in reduplicand

References Beaumont, Clive H. 1979. The Tigak language of New Ireland. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. Brown, Lea. in press. Nias. In Himmelmann, N. and K. Adelaar (eds. ) The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Curzon Press. Bruce, Les. 1984. The Alamblak Language of Papua New Guinea (East Sepik). Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 81. Canberra: Australian National University. Carroll. 1965. An Outline of the Structure of the Language of Nukuoro. Wellington, NZ: Polynesian Society. Chapman, Shirley, and Desmond C. Derbyshire. 1990. Paumari. In Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey K. Pullum, eds. , Handbook of Amazonian Languages, Vol. 3, pp. 161 -352. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Dobrin, Lise. 2001. Arapesh. In Garry, Jane and Carl Rubino (eds. ). Donaldson, Tamsin. 1980. Ngiyambaa, the language of the Wangaaybuwan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dunn, Michael. 2001. A Grammar of Chukchi. Australian National University Ph. D. Thesis. Evans, Nicholas. 1995. A grammar of Kayardild : with historical-comparative notes on Tangkic. Berlin ; New York : M. de Gruyter, 1995. Garry, Jane, and Carl Rubino. 2001. (eds. ) Encyclopedia of the World’s Languages: Past and Present. New York/Dublin: H. W. Wilson Press. Harrison, S. P. 1973. Reduplication in Micronesian Languages. Oceanic Linguistics 12: 1: 2: 407 -454. Himmelmann, N. and K. Adelaar (eds. ) in press. The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Curzon Press. Kroeber, A. L. and G. W. Grace. 1960. The Sparkman Grammar of Luiseño. Berkeley: University of California Press. Merlan, Francesca. 1982. Mangarayi. Lingua Descriptive Studies 4. Amsterdam: North-Holland. Moravcsik, Edith A. 1978. Reduplicative Constructions. in Greenberg, Joseph (ed). Universals of Human Languages. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Newman, Stanley. 1944. The Yokuts Language of California. New York: Johnson Reprint Co. Omondi, Lucia Ndong’a. 1982. The Major Syntactic Structures of Dholuo. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. Prost, Andre. 1950. La Langue Bisa: Grammaire et Dictionnaire. Ouagadougou: Centre Ifan. Rubino, Carl. 2000. Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Rubino, Carl. 2001. Pangasinan. In Garry, Jane and Carl Rubino (eds. ). Van den Berg, Helma. 1995. A Grammar of Hunzib. Lincom Studies in Caucasian Linguistics 1. Munich: Lincom Europa. Walker, Dale F. 1976. Grammar of the Lampung Language. Jakarta: NUSA.