Reconstruction SS 8 H 6 c SS

Reconstruction SS 8 H 6 c

SS 8 H 6 c • Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen's Bureau; sharecropping and tenant farming; Reconstructionplans; 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th amendments to the constitution; Henry Mc. Neal Turner and black legislators; and the Ku Klux Klan.

Enduring Understandings • Conflict and Change: The student will understand that when there is conflict between or within societies, change is the result.

Enduring Understandings: • Individuals, Groups, Institutions • The student will understand that the actions of individuals, groups, and/or institutions affect society through intended and unintended consequences.

Reconstruction • • • After the Civil War, South is in ruins Farms/Cities Destroyed South is ruled by the Union Army

Reconstruction • • Southern states began to rejoin the Union Period is called Reconstruction

Aftermath of War • • • Governor Joseph Brown surrendered to Union soldiers in May, 1865 PAROLED (Set Free from Prison Sentence) Arrested for trying to restart Georgia General Assembly

Aftermath of War • • After the Civil War, Georgia was: Physically destroyed Had no leadership No economy

Aftermath of War • • • Georgia lost 40, 000 people to the war Half a million slaves were now free but with no safe place to go Georgia was to be run by the military until order could be restored

Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln • • • Lincoln never wanted the southern states punished Felt that the country had suffered enough Wanted a smooth transition back to being the UNITED States

Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln • • • Lincoln developed the 10% Plan had two simple parts Would restore the U. S. as quickly and easily as possible

Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln • • • 1. All southerners, except for highranking Confederate civil and military leaders, would be pardoned. Just had to swear an oath of allegiance to the U. S. Left out people like Robert E. Lee, Alexander Stephens, Jefferson Davis

Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln • • • 2. When 10% of the voters in each state had taken the oath of loyalty, the state would be permitted to: Form a Legal Government Rejoin the Union

Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln • • • Many members of Congress believed South should be punished South should be treated as a conquered nation These members were called Radical Republicans

Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln • • • Wade-Davis Bill Felt Lincoln was to soft on the South Wanted stricter rules for how a state would be readmitted to the Union

Senator Benjamin Wade Radical Republican Senator from Ohio Never Got Along with Lincoln

Senator Henry Winter Davis Radical Republican Senator from Maryland

Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln • • • Bill would allow military to run the states until they were allowed to rejoin Bill Passed Congress BUT Lincoln vetoed it

Andrew Johnson • • • April, 1865, Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre Johnson became President From Tennessee, not trusted by either side

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • Johnson was a southerner from a seceded state Stayed loyal to the Union during the war Somewhat wanted to continue Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan

Andrew Johnson Vice-President under Abraham Lincoln 17 th President of the United States

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • His plan, in addition to civil and military leaders, did not grant a pardon to: Land Owners who owned $20, 000 of land or more These people had to apply directly to the president for a pardon

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • Radical Republicans liked Johnson’s plan at first Johnson authorized the manhunt for Confederate president, Jefferson Davis was arrested in Irwinville, GA on May 10, 1865

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • Once Davis was arrested, Radicals turned back on Johnson Felt that Congress, not the president should be in charge of Reconstruction

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • Radicals were afraid of DISFRANCHISEMENT (Taking away someone’s right to vote) Johnson added that each state had to formally declare that slavery was ILLEGAL

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • States had to NULLIFY (ignore) their orders of secession States had to promise not to repay any individual/institution that had helped the Confederacy

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • Congress began to hate Johnson Wanted someone that they could control Began to plan ways of getting rid of him

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • Edwin Stanton - Secretary of War Refused to support Johnson had vetoed four (4) Reconstruction Acts designed to punish the South

Edwin Stanton Secretary of War to Lincoln and Johnson’s Suspension and Firing of Stanton Brought Charges of Impeachment

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • Johnson stated he would suspend any Cabinet member who refused to support him He suspended Stanton Congress said this violated the Tenure of Office Act

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • • Congress moved to IMPEACH (bring formal charges against) Johnson fired Stanton Johnson is impeached and brought to trial

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • In an IMPEACHMENT: House of Representatives brings the charges Senate holds trial Can vote president out of office with a 2/3 majority vote

Presidential Reconstruction: Johnson • • By an 19 -18 vote, Johnson is found not guilty Remained in office but had NO power

Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment Trial

Freedmen’s Bureau • • • Created in 1865 to help freed slaves First federal relief agency in U. S. Freed slaves were now homeless and uneducated

Freedmen’s Bureau • • • Provided to newly freed slaves: Clothes Food Education Employment

Freedmen’s Bureau • • • Was a good idea in theory Not everyone supported the organization Ended in 1869

General Oliver Howard Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands Freedmen’s Bureau First Director

13 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. ”

13 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • • • Passed by Congress in January, 1865 Ratified in December, 1865 Slavery was now illegal in the U. S.

14 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • • • Southern states are angry Passed BLACK CODES Laws designed to continue discrimination against newly freed slaves

14 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • • June, 1866 - Congress passed 14 th Amendment Former slaves were now citizens of the U. S. and the state in which they lived

14 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • • • Former slaves could not be denied “equal protection under the law” Overturned Dred Scott decision Ratified in July, 1868

15 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. ”

15 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • • • Amendment proposed February, 1869 Stated that color of skin could not be used to deny someone’s right to vote Ratified in February, 1870

15 th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution • • • Georgia HAD to ratify amendment to regain representatives/senators in Congress Women still could not vote Voting Age = 21

Black Men Allowed to vote 15 th Amendment

15 th Amendment: Black Men Allowed to Vote

Henry Mc. Neal Turner • • • Minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) Created one of first black regiments to fight in Civil War - 1863 Friends with leading Republicans in Congress

Henry Mc. Neal Turner African Methodist Episcopal Bishop Representative to General Assembly Expelled Due to His Race

Henry Mc. Neal Turner African Methodist Episcopal Bishop Representative to General Assembly Expelled Due to His Race

Expelled Due to Race Georgia State Capitol

Expelled Due to Race Georgia State Capitol

Henry Mc. Neal Turner • • • 1867 - Decided to help push the Reconstruction Acts Served in GA State Constitutional Convention Elected to Georgia House of Representatives (Macon)

Henry Mc. Neal Turner • • • 1868 - Elections held for General Assembly 29 Black Representatives 3 Black Senators

Henry Mc. Neal Turner • • • 1868 - GA General Assembly White legislators agree to EXPEL (forcibly remove) all black legislators Stated that no person could serve in government that had once been a slave

Henry Mc. Neal Turner • • • Stated that the 15 th Amendment did give them the right to vote It did not allow them to hold public office President Ulysses S. Granbt reinstated the expelled men

Henry Mc. Neal Turner • • • Stated that the 15 th Amendment did give them the right to vote It did not allow them to hold public office President Ulysses S. Grant reinstated the expelled men in 1870

Ulysses S. Grant 18 th President of the U. S.

Ku Klux Klan • • • Secret organization formed in Pulaski, TN Mission: Terrorize former slaves who were now free Also terrorized whites who tried to help the freed slaves

Ku Klux Klan • • • Started as a social club for returning Confederate soldiers Started by former Confederate General: Nathan Bedford Forrest

Ku Klux Klan • • • Intimidated blacks into not voting Hoped to return power to the Democrats Beatings, whippings, murders

Ku Klux Klan • • LYNCHING Kidnapping someone and brutally killing them by hanging Usually would make-up some terrible offense Mostly was because of color

Southern Unrest • • • Klan spread throughout the South and into GA Former Confederate General, John B. Gordon was a leader GA’s Republican governor, Rufus Bullock begged federal government for help

General Nathan Bedford Forrest Confederate General One of first leaders of the Ku Klux Klan

General John B. Gordon Confederate General One of first leaders of the Georgia Ku Klux Klan

General John B. Gordon Confederate General One of first leaders of the Georgia Ku Klux Klan Statue at the Capitol

Southern Unrest • • President Grant sent federal troops top GA three times Georgia was the last of the seceded states to return to the Union in 1870

Sharecropping • • SHARECROPPER: System of farming/labor after the Civil War

Sharecropping • • Landowner provided: Land/House Tools/Animals Seeds/Fertilizer

Sharecropping • • • Worker agreed to give landowner a share of the harvest Landowner would give medicine, food, clothing on CREDIT Ability to buy something now and pay for it later over a period of time

Sharecropping • • • Credit kept the sharecropper in debt Person usually had little left after the crop harvest Could not afford to pay bills, so remained indebted to landowner

Sharecropping • • • Many landowners cheated their sharecroppers Took advantage that they could not read Almost like legalized slavery

Tenant Farming • • • TENANT - Person who livee/worked on farm Slightly different than sharecropping Still Unfair to the Worker/Farmer

Tenant Farming • • • Landowner provided Land Tenant brought their own tools, fertilizer, and seed Paid the landowner rent with a percentage of their crops

Tenant Farming • • Tenant farmers usually made a small profit Both systems kept cheap labor at the white owned plantations

Sharecroppers in Fitzgerald, GA

Tenant Farmer Homes in GA

Tenant Farmer Home in GA