Radio Operator's Training British Columbia Forest Service Ministry of Forests
Provided by Rick Slamp Superintendent of Electronics Kamloops Forest Region Modified for Province-Wide use by RADIO OPERATIONS Ministry of Forests Information Management Group Victoria, B. C.
Industry Canada Overall authority for radio use in Canada. • • Allocates frequencies. Supervises licensing. Issues directives and regulations. Monitors activities to ensure compliance with Radio Act. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 3
Regulations - The holder of a Certificate May operate any land or mobile station. EXCEPTIONS û A station performing an aeronautical service. û A station performing a maritime service. û A mobile station installed in an aircraft. û A mobile station installed on board a ship. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 4
Regulations - Radios MUST: • Require only simple Push To Talk (PTT) • Have power output <= 250 watts. • All frequencies are pre-set within the radio. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 5
CERTIFICATES Radiotelephone operator's restricted certificates are issued for life and no revalidation is required. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 6
Secrecy of Communications • All persons are bound to preserve the secrecy of correspondence. • Does NOT apply to distress, urgency, or safety. • Does NOT apply to messages addressed to 'ALL STATIONS' ² Penalty not exceeding $2, 500, ² Or to imprisonment not exceeding twelve months, ² Or both. . Information Management Group - Radio Operations 7
Profane or Obscene language STRICTLY PROHIBITED! Information Management Group - Radio Operations 8
Superfluous Communications • Communications should be restricted to that necessary for the transmission of authorized messages. ² Violators are liable, upon conviction to a fine not exceeding $1, 000 and costs, ² Or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 9
Radio Station Licences • All radio stations must be licensed. • Must be posted near the radio equipment. • Specifies the call sign of the station • Specifies the frequencies to be used. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 10
Radio Station Licences • Any person who establishes a radio station without the benefit of a radio licence is liable, on summary conviction, to: ² A penalty of up to $2, 500 ² Or. . . to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 11
Interference & Jamming • All radios shall be installed and operated so as not to interfere with or interrupt another radio station. • The only exception is to transmit a higher priority call. For example, distress, urgency or safety. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 12
Interference & Jamming • Any person who interferes with or obstructs any radio communication is liable, upon conviction, to: ² A fine not exceeding $2, 500 and costs, ² Or. . . to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, ² Or both. . Information Management Group - Radio Operations 13
False Distress Signals • Any person who transmits or causes to be transmitted any false distress signal, is guilty of an offence. ² Upon conviction the offender is liable to a fine not exceeding $2, 500 and costs, ² Or, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months, ² Or both. . Information Management Group - Radio Operations 14
Summary of Penalties Fine Term Profanity $1, 000 6 Months. Secrecy 12 MO. $2, 500 Interference OR AND/OR $2, 500 AND/OR False Distress $2, 500 AND/OR Licence $2, 500 12 MO. OR Information Management Group - Radio Operations 15
Employer Operating Policy 'DON'T: ' • Discuss private affairs • • Voice opinions of employees. Mention bids, quotes, or contract prices. • Make detrimental remarks. Say anything to discredit your employer. • Discuss anything other than the official business at hand. • • Discuss salaries or appointments. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 16
Speech Transmission Techniques • Keep the rate of speech constant, • Not too fast nor too slow. • Preserve the rhythm of ordinary conversation. • Separate words so that they are not run together. • Avoid unnecessary sounds such as 'er' and 'um' between words. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 17
Time and Date • The twenty-four hour clock should be used to express time. • Time should be expressed by means of four figures, – The first two digits represent the hour past midnight. – The last two digits represent the minutes past the hour. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 18
Time Examples 12: 45 a. m. is expressed as 0045 12: 00 noon is expressed as 1200 11: 45 p. m. is expressed as 2345 12: 00 midnight is expressed as 2400 or 0000 1: 30 a. m. is expressed as 0130 1: 45 p. m. is expressed as 1345 Information Management Group - Radio Operations 19
Time and Date • Time is usually referenced to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (formerly referred to as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)) to avoid confusion between different time zones. • When operations are conducted solely in one time zone, standard or local time may be used. • Where the date, as well as the time of day, is required, a six figure group should be used. The first two figures indicate the day of the month and the following four figures indicate the time. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 20
Phonetic Alphabet A- Alpha J - Juliet S - Sierra B - Bravo K - Kilo T - Tango C - Charlie L - Lima U - Uniform D - Delta M - Mike V - Victor E - Echo N - November W - Whisky F - Foxtrot O - Oscar X - Xray G - Golf P - Papa Y - Yankee H - Hotel Q - Quebec Z - Zulu I - India R - Romeo Information Management Group - Radio Operations 21
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 22
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 23
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 24
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 25
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 26
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 27
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 28
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 29
Phonetic Alphabet Information Management Group - Radio Operations 30
Transmission of Numbers • All numbers except whole thousands should be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately. • Whole thousands should be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word 'thousand'. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 31
Transmission of Numbers - Examples 10 becomes one zero 75 becomes seven five 100 becomes one zero 5, 800 becomes five eight zero 11, 000 becomes one thousand 68, 009 becomes six eight zero nine Information Management Group - Radio Operations 32
Transmission of Numbers - Decimal Point • Numbers containing a decimal point shall be transmitted with the decimal point indicated by the word 'decimal'. Example - 121. 5 becomes - one two one decimal five Information Management Group - Radio Operations 33
Transmission of Numbers - Money • Monetary denominations, when transmitted with groups of digits, should be transmitted in the sequence in which they are written. Examples $17. 25 becomes - dollars one seven decimal two five. 75 becomes - seven five cents Information Management Group - Radio Operations 34
Control of Communications In communications between a base station and a mobile station, the base station has control of communications in matters relating to: – The order and time of transmission. – The choice of frequency. – The duration and suspension of work. This does not apply in the cases of distress or urgency communications, Information Management Group - Radio Operations 35
Call Signs • A call sign is assigned to base stations. • Should be used at least when initial contact is being established and again when the communication is concluded. • In cases of mobile stations and hand-held units, a readily recognizable identifier such as fleet car or truck number should be used. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 36
Call Signs - Examples Base Stations CJM 702 XLT 76 Kamloops Mobile Stations Car five one Expressway one four two Information Management Group - Radio Operations 37
Calling Procedures • Before transmitting, listen for a period of time to ensure that your transmission will not cause harmful interference to calls already in progress. • If such interference seems likely. . . WAIT for the channel to clear. • Distress, urgency or safety communications are entitled to interrupt a transmission of lower priority. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 38
Single Station Call • The identity of the station being called is always spoken first, followed by the words 'THIS IS' and your own station identifier. 1. Call sign of the station called. 2. The words THIS IS'. 3. Call sign of the station calling. 4. Invitation to reply. Information Management Group - Radio Operations <= 3 times 39
Single Station Call - Examples FREIGHTWAY TWO FIVE ZERO THIS IS FREIGHTWAY MONTREAL XMT FIVE NINE OVER XMV FIVE EIGHT THREE THIS IS XLT SEVEN SIX OVER Information Management Group - Radio Operations 40
Multiple Station Call • If it is desired to call more than one station simultaneously, the call signs of the stations may be transmitted in any convenient sequence preceding the words “THIS IS”. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 41
Multiple Station Call - Examples RED LINE CABS ONE TWO, THREE FOUR, FIVE SIX THIS IS XMV FIVE EIGHT THREE OVER XLR TWO NINE, XLR THREE ZERO, XMN THREE EIGHT THIS IS XMV FIVE EIGHT THREE OVER Information Management Group - Radio Operations 42
General Call • When a mobile wishes to establish communication with any station within range, or within a certain area, the call should be made as follows: 1. General call ( <= 3 times). 2. The words 'THIS IS'. 3. Call sign of the station calling ( <= 3 times). 4. Invitation to reply. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 43
Replying • An operator hearing a call directed to their station shall reply as soon as possible. • Advise the calling station to proceed with their message with the words 'GO AHEAD'. • When an operator hears a call but is uncertain that the call is intended for their station, they should WAIT until the call has been repeated and is understood. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 44
Not Ready to Receive ? • If the station is not ready to receive the message, the operator should reply to the call and advise the calling station to 'STAND BY', followed by the anticipated number of minutes of delay. DO NOT JUST IGNORE THE CALL IF YOU'RE BUSY ! Information Management Group - Radio Operations 45
Aircraft Bird Dog 007 At the speeds aircraft travel, a delay in answering their call (even a minute) can result in the plane or helicopter moving a great distance and affecting your ability to communicate with them. Please give aircraft a higher priority when responding to calls. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 46
Corrections • When an error has been made in transmission, the word 'CORRECTION' should be spoken, and the last correct word or phrase repeated and the correct version transmitted. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 47
Repetitions If the receiving station desires repetition of a message, the operator should request it by using the words 'SAY AGAIN'. EXAMPLE SAY AGAIN ALL BEFORE. . (first word satisfactorily received) SAY AGAIN. . (word before missing portion) to. . (word after missing portion) SAY AGAIN ALL AFTER. . (last word satisfactorily received). Information Management Group - Radio Operations 48
Radio (or Signal) Checks When your radio requires a radio check, follow this procedure: 1. Call another station and request a radio check. 2. The radio check consists of : “RADIO CHECK 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. HOW DO YOU READ ME? OVER. ” 3. Your call sign should be transmitted during test transmissions. 4. Radio checks should not last more than 10 seconds. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 49
Radio (or Signal) Checks When replying to a radio check, the following readability scale should be used: 1. Bad (unreadable) 2. Poor (readable now and then) 3. Fair (readable but with difficulty) 4. Good (readable) 5. Excellent (perfectly readable) Information Management Group - Radio Operations 50
Radio Log • Base stations are required to keep a log or diary of the activities of the station. • Mobile or portable stations are not required to keep a log. • Logs are to be retained on file (follow current ARCS / ORCS procedures). • Radio logs shall be available for inspection. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 51
Procedural Words & Phrases While it is not practical to set down precise phraseology for all radiotelephone procedures, slang expressions such as : BREAKER GOOD BUDDY, HAVE YAH GOT YER EARS ON ? should not be used. . Information Management Group - Radio Operations 52
Procedural Words & Phrases ACKNOWLEDGE I SAY AGAIN ROGER NUMBER AFFIRMATIVE MAYDAY SAY AGAIN BREAK MAYDAY RELAY STAND BY CHANNEL MONITOR SEELONCE CLEARED NEGATIVE SEELONCE FEENEE CONFIRM OUT SEELONCE MAYDAY CORRECTION OVER VERIFY DISREGARD PAN WILCO GO AHEAD READ BACK WORDS TWICE HOW DO YOU READ? ROGER Information Management Group - Radio Operations 53
Procedural Words & Phrases ACKNOWLEDGE Let me know that you have received and understood this message. AFFIRMATIVE Yes or permission granted. BREAK Indicates the separation between portions of the message. (To be used where there is no clear distinction between the text and other portions of the message. ) CHANNEL Change to channel. . before proceeding. CLEARED Authorized to proceed under the conditions specified. CONFIRM My version is. . is that correct? CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission (message indicated). The correct version is. . Information Management Group - Radio Operations 54
Procedural Words & Phrases DISREGARD Consider this transmission as not sent. GO AHEAD Proceed with your message. HOW DO YOU READ? Self-explanatory. I SAY AGAIN Self-explanatory (use instead of "I REPEAT"). MAYDAY The spoken word for distress communications. MAYDAY RELAY The spoken word for the distress relay signal. MONITOR Listen on (frequency). NEGATIVE No or that is not correct or I do not agree. OUT Conversation is ended and no response is expected. OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 55
Procedural Words & Phrases PAN The spoken word for urgency communications. READ BACK Repeat all of this message back to me exactly as received after I have given "OVER" (do not use the word "REPEAT"). ROGER I have received all of your last transmission. ROGER NUMBER I have received your message Number__. SAY AGAIN Self-explanatory. (Do not use the word "REPEAT") STAND BY I must pause for a few seconds or minutes please wait. SEELONCE International expression to indicate that silence has been imposed on the frequency due to a distress situation. The aeronautical phrase is "STOP TRANSMITTING". Information Management Group - Radio Operations 56
Procedural Words & Phrases SEELONCE FEENEE Is the international expression for a distress cancellation. The aeronautical phrase is DISTRESS TRAFFIC ENDED. SEELONCE MAYDAY Is the international expression to inform individual(s) that a distress situation is in progress. The aeronautical phrase is "STOP TRANSMl. TTl. NG - MAYDAY”. THAT IS CORRECT Self-explanatory. VERIFY Check coding, check text with originator and send correct version. Wl. LCO Your instructions received, understood and will be complied with. WORDS TWICE (a) As a request: Communication is difficult, please send each word twice. (b) As information: Since communication is difficult, I will send each word twice. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 57
Failure of Communications • When contact with a base station fails on the selected frequency, the mobile should try to establish contact on another frequency (if available) appropriate to the area in which it is operating. • When normal communications from a base station to a mobile cannot be established, the base station should try to relay the message via any other station which may be able to establish communications. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 58
Emergency Communications • Use of emergency procedures in land communications is VERY RARE • A station in distress should make use of any means at its disposal to attract attention, to make known its position and obtain assistance. • Use the frequency you would normally use but if unable to establish communications, use any other frequency at your disposal. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 59
Priorities of Communications 1. Distress communications. 2. Urgency communications. 3. Safety communications. 4. All other communications. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 60
Distress Signal - MAYDAY • The distress signal indicates that the station sending the signal is either: • Threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance, or • Aware that an aircraft, ship or other vehicle is threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 61
Distress Call 1) The distress signal 'MAYDAY' spoken three times; 2) The words ‘THIS IS’; 3) The call sign of the station in distress spoken three times. Example MAYDAY, MAYDAY THIS IS PIPER ALPHA X-RAY CHARLIE Information Management Group - Radio Operations 62
Control of Distress Traffic • The control of distress traffic is the responsibility of the station in distress or. . . • Of the station which relays the distress message. • Note: These stations may, delegate the control of distress traffic to another station. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 63
Distress Message 1) The distress signal 'MAYDAY'; 2) The call sign of station in distress (once); 3) The nature of the distress condition and kind of assistance required (i. e. what has happened); 4) The intentions of the person in command; 5) The particulars of it's position (airspeed, altitude, heading); 6) The number of persons on board and injuries (if applicable); 7) Any other information that might facilitate rescue; 8) The call sign of the station in distress. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 64
Distress Message - Example MAYDAY PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC POSITION: 20 MILES EAST OF WINNIPEG ALTITUDE: 1500 FEET AIRSPEED: 125 KNOTS HEADING : 270 T STRUCK BY LIGHTNING DITCHING AIRCRAFT ONE PERSON ON BOARD PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC Information Management Group - Radio Operations 65
Repetition of Distress Message • The distress message shall be repeated at intervals until an answer is received or until. . . . • Allow time for stations receiving the message to reply. • Any station hearing an unacknowledged distress message and is not in a position to render assistance, shall take all possible steps to attract the attention of other stations that are in a position to assist. • Notify search and rescue. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 66
Action by Station in Distress SUMMARY: 1) Transmit the distress call; 2) Transmit the distress message; 3) Listen for acknowledgement of receipt; 4) Exchange further distress traffic as applicable; 5) Turn on automatic emergency equipment (emergency locator transmitter - ELT) if available. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 67
Receipt of Distress Message 1) The call sign of the station in distress. 2) The words 'THIS IS' 3) The call sign of the station acknowledging receipt. 4) The words 'RECEIVED MAYDAY' EXAMPLE PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC THIS IS WINNIPEG TOWER RECEIVED MAYDAY Information Management Group - Radio Operations 68
Relay of a Distress Message 1) The signal MAYDAY RELAY (spoken three times) 2) The words 'THIS IS' 3) The call sign of the station relaying the message (three times) 4) The distress signal 'MAYDAY' (once) 5) The particulars of the station in distress such as its location, the nature of distress, the number of persons on board, etc. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 69
Distress Message Relay - Example MAYDAY RELAY, MAYDAY RELAY THIS IS CESSNA NOVEMBER JULIET INDIA (three times) MAYDAY PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC POSITION: 20 MILES EAST OF WINNIPEG ALTITUDE: 1500 FEET; AIRSPEED: 125 KNOTS; HEADING: 270 T STRUCK BY LIGHTNING, DITCHING AIRCRAFT ONE PERSON ON BOARD PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC Information Management Group - Radio Operations 70
Action by Receiving Station 1. Forward information immediately to search and rescue. 2. Continue to guard the frequency on which the distress message was received and, if possible, any other frequency that may be used by the station in distress. 3. Notify any station with direction finding or radar facilities which may be of assistance. . . etc. 4. Cease all transmissions which may interfere with the distress traffic. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 71
Transmit a MAYDAY When: 1) Threatened by grave and imminent danger and require immediate assistance 2) Aware that an aircraft, ship or other vehicle is threatened by grave and imminent danger and requires immediate assistance. 3) The station in distress is not in a position to transmit the message. 4) The person in command of the station which intervenes believes that further help is necessary. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 72
Imposition of Silence • The station in distress, or the station in command of distress traffic, may impose silence on all stations in the area or on any station which interferes with the distress traffic. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 73
Imposition of Silence - Procedures The station in distress, or the station in control, shall use the expression: ‘STOP TRANSMITTING - DISTRESS’ or. . use the international expression: 'SILENCE MAYDAY' or 'SEELONCE MAYDAY' Other stations imposing silence during a distress situation shall use the expression: 'STOP TRANSMITTING - DISTRESS' or. . . use the international expression: 'SILENCE DISTRESS' or 'SEELONCE DISTRESS'. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 74
Cancellation of Distress • When a station is no longer in distress, send a message addressed to 'ALL STATIONS' advising that the distress traffic has ended. • This is mainly for the benefit of other stations so they can resume regular service on the distress frequencies. • To ensure that search and rescue stations are advised that a station is no longer in distress, a call to the nearest search and rescue station detailing the reasons for cancelling the distress call MUST be made. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 75
Distress Cancelling Procedure 1. The distress signal "MAYDAY' (once); 2. The words 'ALL STATIONS' (three times); 3. The words 'THIS IS '; 4. The name and/or call sign of the station transmitting the message (<= three times); 5. The filing time of the message; 6. The call sign of the station in distress (once); 7. The words 'DISTRESS TRAFFIC ENDED' or the international expression 'SILENCE FINISHED' or 'SEELONCE FEENEE'; 8. A short plain-language description of why the distress situation is being cancelled; 9. The name or call sign of station transmitting the message; 10. The word ‘OUT’. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 76
Distress Cancelling - Example MAYDAY ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS THIS IS WINNIPEG TOWER TIME 1630 Z MAYDAY PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC DISTRESS TRAFFIC ENDED PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC LOCATED BY SEARCH AND RESCUE WINNIPEG TOWER OUT Information Management Group - Radio Operations 77
Urgency Communications • The urgency signal indicates that the station calling has a very urgent message to transmit concerning the safety of an aircraft, ship or other vehicle, or the safety of a person. • The urgency signal is 'PAN PAN' spoken three times. It should be used at the beginning of the first communication. • The urgency signal and the urgency message may be addressed to all stations or to a specific station. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 78
Priority of Urgency Signal • The urgency signal has priority over all other communications EXCEPT DISTRESS. • Stations that hear only the urgency signal shall continue to listen for at least three minutes. After that, if no urgency message has been heard, stations may resume normal service. • Use your normal working frequency or any other frequency available to establish communications. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 79
Urgency Message 1. The urgency signal "PAN PAN" (three times); 2. The name of the station addressed or the words 'ALL STATIONS" (three times); 3. The words 'THIS IS'; 4. The identification of the aircraft; 5. The nature of the urgency condition; 6. The intentions of the person in command; 7. Present position, flight level or altitude and heading; 8. Any other useful information. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 80
Urgency Message - Example PAN PAN, PAN ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS THIS IS CESSNA FOXTROT NOVEMBER JULIET INDIA POSITION: UNKNOWN AIRSPEED: 112 KNOTS ALTITUDE: 1050 FEET LOST, REQUEST RADAR CHECK CESSNA FOXTROT NOVEMBER JULIET INDIA OVER Information Management Group - Radio Operations 81
Urgency Message Reply- Example PAN CESSNA FOXTROT NOVEMBER JULIET INDIA THIS IS WINNIPEG TOWER YOUR POSITION IS 20 MILES SOUTH OF WINNIPEG TOWER STANDING BY Information Management Group - Radio Operations 82
Urgency Message Cancel - Example PAN ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS THIS IS CESSNA FOXTROT NOVEMBER JULLIET INDIA HAS BEEN POSITIONED AT 20 MILES SOUTH OF WINNIPEG AIRPORT, PROCEEDING NORMALLY CESSNA FOXTROT NOVEMBER JULLIET INDIA OUT Information Management Group - Radio Operations 83
Safety Communications • The safety signal is used mainly in the maritime mobile service. It indicates that the station calling is about to transmit a message concerning the safety of navigation or giving important meteorological warnings. • The safety signal is the word 'SECURITY' spoken three times. It should be used at the beginning of the first communication. • The safety signal and the safety message may be addressed to all stations or to a specific station. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 84
Safety Communications Priority • The safety signal has priority over all other communications except distress and urgency. • Stations that hear the safety signal shall continue to listen on the frequency on which the message was transmitted until they are satisfied that the message is of no interest to them. • All stations that hear the safety signal must take care not to interfere with the safety message which follows it. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 85
Safety Message 1. The safety signal 'SECURITY' (three times); 2. The name of the station addressed or 'ALL STATIONS' (repeated three times); 3. The words 'THIS IS'; 4. The name or call sign of the station sending the message. 5. The nature of the condition; 6. The words 'THIS IS'; 7. The name or call sign of the station sending the message. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 86
Safety Message - Example SECURITY, SECURITY ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS THIS IS VANCOUVER RADIO NOTICE TO ALL VESSELS IN THE MERRY ISLAND AREA LOG BOOM ADRIFT AND BREAKING UP SIX MILES SOUTH OF MERRY ISLAND THIS IS VANCOUVER RADIO OUT Information Management Group - Radio Operations 87
Equipment Maintenance Microphone and Antenna Connections • There are various types of connectors used to attach cables to the electronic equipment. Each connector requires its own assembly technique. Care should be exercised when repairing or replacing connectors. The main problems with connectors are shorts (when two bare wires are touching either each other or the metal case) or open wires (when the wire is broken inside the plastic shield or outer covering). • All connections should be tight and clean. Where connections are exposed to the weather, they should be protected with a coating of silicone to prevent corrosion build-up and to keep water from getting inside the outer casing of the cable. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 88
Trouble Shooting IF THE SET DOES NOT APPEAR TO WORK: • You may be out of range. • Check antenna system (Connections clean? Tight? Cable OK? ) • Check Power Source (battery polarity correct? car battery charged? dry batteries dead? ) • Check microphone cable (connections clean? Tight? coil-cord damaged? • Check antenna for damage. . Information Management Group - Radio Operations 89
Equipment Maintenance Fuses • Electric circuits are protected against overload and short circuits by fuses, each rated for a given amperage. Never replace a fuse with one of a higher rating. That will simply compromise or negate its protective function and create a definite fire hazard. • Fuses (or circuit breakers, if your electrical system is so equipped) act as safety valves. When something goes wrong with a circuit, the fuse for that circuit blows (or the breaker trips off), shutting down power to the circuit. In addition to preventing overheating and possible. fire, this action also warns you there is a problem on the circuit. The fault should be corrected before the fuse is replaced. Note - Always exercise caution when changing a fuse. Make sure that your hands are dry. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 90
Thank You THE END Information Management Group - Radio Operations 91
REPEATERS • Relays or “Repeats” radio signals to extend range. • Receive on one frequency while simultaneously transmitting on another (Duplex). • Forest Service has 10 sets of repeater frequencies to which we have assigned “Colour” names (e. g. : Red, Blue) • Forest Service has over 300 repeaters. • Each site costs about $50, 000. • Most powered by batteries charged by solar panels. • Transmit about the same power as a portable radio. • Most repeaters are linked to other repeaters in either a “star” or “chain” arrangement. Information Management Group - Radio Operations 92
FM Repeater (Line of Sight) Information Management Group - Radio Operations 93
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