Radio Merit Badge JOTA 2012
Counselor Information • • Mr. Steve Back Amateur Radio Extra Class Operator Call sign: WB 2 OGY Authorized Volunteer Examiner (VE) with W 5 YI and ARRL • COR for Venture Crew 73, chartered by the Gwinnett Amateur Radio Society • Email: sb@sback. org • Phone: 770 712 9069 2
Example Slide • Some stuff • Some more stuff 9 a 4 Worksheet Clue The number in this circle matches a section on your worksheet. Use this clue to fill in your worksheet as we go. 3
Radio Merit Badge Section 1 - Radio Basics
Section 1 Topics • • • What is Radio? Types of Radio Services Regulations Call Signs & Identification Electromagnetic Spectrum and Radio Frequency Assignments • Propagation 5
What is Radio ? 1 • A way to electronically communicate from one place to another without wires. • Used in – FM radios – Walkie talkies – TV – Cell phones – Wi-Fi – Blue. Tooth 6
Types of Radio Service 1 a • Broadcast – One-way transmissions to the public. • Commercial Radio – Two-way communication – Local agencies and private companies • Hobby Radio – Communicate with others or control models. – Amateur Radio – Family Radio Service (walkie-talkies) 7
NOAA Weather Radio • Broadcast radio service – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • Continuous Weather Forecasts & Warnings • Essential for boating, hiking and camping. • Most Ham radios can also receive this. • Specific Area Alert Encoding (SAME) 8
Local and DX Stations 2 b • Local station – Located in the same country or region • DX station – Located outside the country or region 9
Two-Way Radios 1 b • Radios that both send (transmit) and receive messages. • Examples – Walkie-talkies – Amateur Radio – Citizen Band Radio (CB) – Cell phones – Fire, police, aviation, marine, military 10
Regulation of Radio 2 b • FCC (USA) – Federal Communication Commission – Set Frequency Assignments in US. – Issues Licenses & Call Signs. – Enforces Radio Laws in the US. • ITU (Other Countries) – International Telecommunication Union – Meets every few years. – Sets International Frequency assignments. – Assigns prefixes to countries. 11
Radio Call Signs 1 c • A short identification which shows you have a license to transmit • Indicates station’s identity and country of origin • Assigned by the FCC in US • Broadcast Call Signs – WSB, KDKA, KORA, WNBC • Ham Call Signs – WW 3 Y, KB 3 BOY, WW 9 Y, N 3 YVH, JA 1 ABC 12
Some Call Sign Prefixes • • • W, K, N, A VE, VO, XJ XE PY G F I 4 X, 4 Z JA ZL United States Canada Mexico Brazil Great Britain France Italy Israel Japan New Zealand 13
Station Identification Rules 1 c • Broadcasters – Once per hour. • Amateurs – Every ten minutes – At end of a conversation. 14
Radio Waves 3 • Electromagnetic energy • Travels at the speed of light 15
Radio Waves 3 16
Frequencies (One Hertz is one cycle per second) 3 • DC Power • 0 Hertz (goes in one direction only) • AC Power • 60 Hertz (Hz) • Audio (Sound) • 100 Hz to 20 KHz (100 - 20, 000 Hz) • LF • 30 -300 k. Hz (30, 000 -300, 000) • MF • . 3 -3 MHz (300, 000 -3, 000) • HF or Shortwave • 3 -30 MHz (3, 000 -30, 000) • 30 -300 MHz (30, 000 -300, 000) • VHF • UHF • 300 -3, 000 MHz (well, you get the idea) • Microwave • Frequencies above 500 MHz • Visible Light • 400 -800 THz (400, 000 - 800, 000 MHz) 17
Radio Frequency Assignments 3 c • • AM Broadcast Radio FM Broadcast Radio Short Wave Broadcast Television Broadcast CB Radio Police Radio Amateur Radio • • 540 - 1600 k. Hz 88 - 108 MHz 5 - 22 MHz Channel 2 = 54 -60 MHz 27 MHz 450 -470 MHz 3. 5, 7. 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 150 MHz 80, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, 6, 2 meters Freq=C/meters C=300, 000 or Freq (MHz)= 300/meters 18
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 3 b Medium Frequency (MF) High Frequency (HF) Very High Frequency (VHF) Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 19
How High Frequency (HF) Radio Waves Travel (Propagation) 2 a 20
VHF & UHF Propagation 2 a • VHF and higher frequency waves are limited to line of sight 21
VHF Propagation with Repeaters 2 a • Range of very high frequency waves can be extended with a repeater 22
NIST WWV and WWVH 2 a • Provides accurate frequencies, time, and HF propagation forecasts. • WWV & WWVH transmit on 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz • WWV is in Ft Collins, Colorado. WWVH is in Kauai, Hawaii • Propagation info can be used to determine from where in the world signals can be received 23
Radio Merit Badge Section 2 - Amateur Radio
Section 2 Topics • • • What is Amateur Radio? Amateur Radio Licenses Types of Amateur Stations Amateur Radio Activities Q Signals and Abbreviations Emergency Procedures Call Signs and Station Identification Phonetic Alphabet Making and Logging Contacts 25
What is Amateur Radio? • • • 9 a 1 A type of two-way hobby radio Cannot be used for profit. A place to learn about radio! Also known as “Ham Radio”. An important part of disaster response. A lot of fun! 26
Why does the FCC have an Amateur Radio Service? • • • 9 a 1 Volunteer service International goodwill Experimentation Communication skills Self-training Emergency communication 27
Amateur Radio License Classes 9 a 4 • Technician Class • General Class • Extra Class 28
Technician Class License 9 a 4 • • • Entry level license. 35 question multiple choice test Full VHF & UHF privileges, Radio merit badge covers half of the test! Books available with all the possible questions and answers. • Practice tests can be found at: – QRZ web page: WWW. QRZ. COM 29
Who gives Amateur Radio Exams? 9 a 4 • Volunteer Examiners (VEs) give the exams for the FCC. • Exams and free study classes are given by local radio clubs – The Gwinnett Amateur Radio Society – The Atlanta Radio Club • Lots of other information on ham radio can be found at the ARRL web page: – www. arrl. org 30
Amateur Radio Activities 9 a 1 • Jamboree On The Air (JOTA) • DX • Contests • Service at parades & special events • Emergency communication • Skywarn • Camping communications 31
Ham Radio Station Types 9 a 6 • Handheld radios (HT) • Base station radios • Mobile radios • Repeaters • Which kind of radio is best? 32
Repeaters 9 a 6 • Receive on one frequency and transmit on another. • Usually in the VHF and UHF bands • Allow much longer range for small radios. • Located on mountains, towers, buildings and in space. 146. 07 MHz Input 146. 67 MHz Output 146. 07 MHz Input 33
Q Signals & Amateur Terms QRM Man-made interference QRN Natural noise or interference QRP Low Power (< five watts) QRS Slow down Morse code speed QRT Quitting - off the air QSB Signal is fading QSL Acknowledge receipt (card) QSO Conversation ("cue-so") QSY Change frequency QTH 9 a 3 Location (think H for Home) Log Record of QSOs CW Morse code (means Continuous Wave) DX Distant (foreign stations) CQ Calling any station ("seek you") OM Old man (male ham) YL Young lady (female ham) Rig Radio Shack Room the radio is in HI Laugh in Morse code 73, 88 Best regards, love and kisses 34
Emergency Radio Calls 9 a 5 • Speak clearly and give complete information • "MAYDAY" or "EMERGENCY“ • May need to find high ground • Morse code SOS – di-di-dit dah-dah di-di-dit 35
Call Signs & Station Identification Rules • Call Sign – Initially assigned by FCC – Can be changed later (vanity call sign) • Station Identification – Every ten minutes – At the end of a conversation. • When audio conditions are poor, use phonetic call letters. 36
Phonetic Alphabet 1 d Letter A B C D E F G H I J K L M Pronunciation Alfa (AL fah) Bravo (BRAH VOH) Charlie (CHAR lee) Delta (DELL tah) Echo (ECK oh) Foxtrot (FOKS trot) Golf (GOLF) Hotel (hoh TELL) India (IN dee ah) Juliet (JEW lee ETT) Kilo (KEY loh) Lima (LEE mah) Mike (MIKE) Letter N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Pronunciation November (no VEM ber) Oscar (OSS cah) Papa (pah PAH) Quebec (keh BECK) Romeo (ROW me oh) Sierra (see AIR rah) Tango (TANG go) Uniform (YOU nee form) Victor (VIK tah) Whiskey (WISS key) X Ray (ECKS RAY) Yankee (YANG key) Zulu (ZOO loo) 37
Calling and Answering CQ 9 a 2 38
Log Book Essentials 9 a 2 39
Radio Merit Badge Section 3 - Radio Theory
Section 3 Topics • • Conductors and Insulators Types of Electrical Circuits Schematic Diagrams Electronic Components and Symbols Radio Safety Block Diagrams of Radios How Radio Carries Information 41
Conductors & Insulators • Conductors conduct (carry) electricity. – Most Metals – Many Liquids • Insulators insulate (don’t carry) electricity. – Air – Most Rubber and Plastics – Most Ceramics – Wood and cloth (when dry) 42
Types of Electrical Circuits 5 c • Closed Circuit – Circuit is complete. – Electricity flows • Open Circuit – Circuit is incomplete. – Electricity doesn’t flow. • Short Circuit – Circuit is complete through an unplanned shortcut. – Electricity flows where it shouldn’t! – Dangerous – parts can get hot, start fires or even explode! 43
Schematic Diagram 5 a Shows how to build a radio from components. 44
Schematic Symbols 5 d Fuse Contains a thin wire which is made to melt which protects the rest of the circuit from damage if there is too much current from a short circuit. Battery Stores electric energy. Resistor Resists the flow of electric current, reducing its flow. Variable resistor Like a regular resistor, but adjustable. For example, the volume knob on your stereo. Earth ground A connection between the equipment (radio) and the earth, usually through a copper pipe driven into the soil. Chassis ground A connection of the negative side of the electronic circuit to the chassis, or steel frame, of the equipment. 45
Schematic Symbols (cont) 5 d Capacitor Gets and stores an electric charge. Lets alternating current (AC - like in your house) flow but stops direct current (DC - like from a battery). Variable capacitor Same as a regular capacitor, but adjustable. NPN transistor Amplifies a current. PNP transistor Amplifies a current. Coil Also called a choke, it works the opposite of a capacitor. It lets DC flow but stops AC. Tube A vacuum tube made of glass with wire filaments inside. Amplifies a current. It has been replaced by transistors in most home equipment, but is still found in some high power radio transmitters. 46
Schematic Symbols (cont) 5 d Antenna Sends radio frequency signals into the air. SPST switch Single-pole single-throw switch. Has two positions, on and off. Like most light switches DPDT switch Double-pole double-throw switch. A double-throw switch has three positions. It can switch one input to one of two outputs - sort of like the switch you put on your television to switch between watching TV and playing your video game. The double-pole means it can switch a pair of inputs to either of two pairs of outputs. 47
Radio Safety 6 • Electrical shock can hurt or kill • Some parts of a radio are dangerous with the power off • Radio Frequency (RF) energy can burn • Strong RF radiation can be unhealthy • Make sure antennas can't touch any power lines • Ground radio and antenna to protect from lightning • Follow safety procedures when working on towers and roofs 48
Simple Radio Block Diagram 5 b Antenna Microphone Transceiver Amplifier Key/Paddle TNC Computer Tuner Shows how station components are connected together. 49
How Radios Send and Receive Information • Microphone – • Transmitter – – • Amplifier Tuner Provides path to antenna Key/Paddle Radiates RF signal Key or Paddle – • Transceiver Matches transmitter to antenna Antenna – • Increases RF signal power Feed line – • Both a transmitter and receiver in one box Tuner – • Microphone Amplifier – • Receives a radio signal Demodulates the carrier Transceiver – • Creates an RF “carrier” Modulates the carrier Receiver – – • 4 Audio or Digital signal input For sending Morse code TNC (Terminal Node Controller) TNC Computer 50
How Radio Waves Carry Sound or Information 4 FM AM PM 51
Continuous Wave (CW) The Oldest Digital Mode 4 • Works by simply turning the transmitter on and off in a pattern called Morse Code. 52
“CW” or Morse Code 4 • No longer required to know, but still popular among ham radio operators. Needs less power and bandwidth than other ‘modes”. 53 53
Radio Merit Badge Section 4 - Real World Applications
Section 4 Topics • Careers in Radio • Amateur Radio Emergency Service • Radio Navigation 55
Radio Careers 8 • Broadcasting – Announcer/Personality – Station Manager/Program Director/ Music Director • Technical – – Computer Network Engineer Radio Technician Cellular Phone Technician • Operators – Public Safety Dispatcher – Military Radio Operator – Marine and Aircraft 56
ARES / RACES • ARES - Amateur Radio Emergency Service 8 – Health and welfare – Work with government, NGO (Red Cross, Salvation Army), and support services – When activated, you are still a civilian • RACES – Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service – Work with local, state, and federal government only – When activated, you work for the government (Restricted) – When activated, mission participants are covered by government insurance 57
Radio Navigation 8 • Establishment of a direction from a transmitted radio signal • Used by aircraft and ships for navigation • Used during search and recovery operations – Finding the “black box” after an airplane crash – Locating a lost skier after an avalanche • HAMs hold challenge games called “fox hunts” • Requires – Radio receiver tuned to the transmit frequency – A special directional antenna 58
Radio Merit Badge Section 5 - Other Sources of Information
Amateur Radio Organizations • Amateur Radio Relay League (ARRL) – Governing organization for amateur radio – www. arrl. org • QRZ. COM – Ham call sign database – Practice exams – www. qrz. com • Gwinnett Amateur Radio Society (GARS) – www. gars. org • Venture Crew 73 – www. venturecrew 73. org 60
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