Race Relations 1840 -1860 Race relations deteriorated

Race Relations 1840 -1860 • Race relations deteriorated from 1840 • Maori had to adjust to forceful newcomers • Differing understanding emerged in time • Maori-Euro contact increased, trade flourished, some inter-marriage • Nth Is. interior still Maori domain • Inter-hapu rivalries still strong

Race Relations 1840 -1860 • After 1840, NZ went from Maori dominated outpost-to Euro minded settler colony • Pakeha dominated because: Numbers increased over the years • Pakeha’s acquired more land (increased power & authority) • Imposed ‘substantive sovereignty’, as opposed to pre-treaty times where Maori rule was respected

Race Relations 1840 -1860 • Development of Race Relations 1840 • • Pressures were: Maori expectations The Treaty vs. Te Tiriti Large Pakeha settlements near Maori Settler attitudes were mostly poor Issue of authority and sovereignty War & Conflict (inter-hapu) Land issues (who owned what? who is selling? ) • Colonial Law & British Govt (inconsistent)

Race Relations: Article One vs Article Two • English authority based on Article One, whereas Chiefs believed local autonomy was granted (Article Two) • Non-signers believed they were exempt, but NZ was annexed. • Pakeha settlers advised the country was theirs • Settlers demanded land from Col. Govt • Settlers ignorant of Treaty • Pakeha takeover was OK. Historical colonial practice was norm • Treaty in Maori thinking. Euro paid only lip service

Land • Land was central issue between Maori & Pakeha • Inconsistent approach (treaty had short reach) • Maori eager to sell land to bring Euro in to trade • Europeans still based in small parts of the country. British law only effective there • Govt. insisted on pre-emption (first right) Maori land on-sold to settlers for $$$

Land • Govt. decided land pre-treaty land sales re-examined All illegal land transactions to Govt. Maori lost ‘surplus; ’ land from illegal sales. • Land sales as a commodity, new to Maori (Maori: custodians, life-long relationship) • Settlers believed unoccupied land was ‘waste-land’. Demanded it from Govt. • Pakeha squatters on Maori land (the women were attractive to euro)

Settlers & Maori • 20, 000 Euros. in 10 years • NZ company settlements required close Maori ties to survive • Maori and Pakeha both need land for cultivation • Pakeha hungry for land to feed pastoralism industry • Pakeha soon outnumbered Maori (1850’s), began to dominate • Settlers; culturally unaware & individualists (little interest in Te Reo) • Maori were savage and inferior • New Zealand was for settlers

Ideal vs. Reality • Maori hoped: • they could trade more, increase mana, profit, enhance peace and free Maori from the undesirable Pakeha’s • The reality was: • Economic decline (Kororareka) • Loss of land • Weakened authority • ‘Divide & Buy’: crown policy to end collective land tenure…end to hapu • Maori only had land in the new economy, and it was slowly being taken

Trouble in Paradise? • Commissioner Spain. Assessed land claims for NZC & Maori • Maketu murder case 1841 • The Wairau Incident 17 June 1843 NZ Company settlers vs. Te Rauparaha and co. Settling of Ngati Toa land. Many dead • First major land issue. Te Rauparaha deemed not guilty. NZC angry at Govt. and Maori over issue • Leading to more pro-Pakeha Govt. once Fitzroy was deposed

Trouble in Paradise? • Hone Heke 1844 cuts down flag pole at Kororareka four times. A political statement at the loss of trade in the area and only one flag flying • Leads Fitzroy and Williams to defend Treaty • War broke out Heke, Kawhiti vs. Govt. 1000 men sent from N. S. W to crush the rebellion • Korarareka sacked and burnt. Tamati Waka Nene defeats Heke. George Grey swings to power on the back of the crisis. Peace negotiated with Heke • British use of force key. Heke a threat

George Grey • Fitzroy's replacement 1845 • Able man, student of anthropology. fluent Te Reo speaker, knowledgeable in the ways of Maori-passionate-fair • Liked by Maori. Sound native policy • Wanted to assimilate Maori into Euro culture (as per global view) • Many provisions for Maori (school, gifts to chiefs, magistrates to teach law, hospitals, loans for flour mills) • A political exponent to gain more resources from Britain • Forced land sales in Wellie area. Conflict with Ngati Toa & Ngati Tama • The man who jailed Te Rauparaha

George Grey & Settler Govt. • Grey re-examining of land issues led to conflict with Ngati Toa as Settler began to grow. Made example of T. R • 1850 -53 Organised large purchase of Maori land. 30 mill acres in SI; 3 mil in NI (NZ 63 mill in total. ) • SI purchases questionable (Wairau Block & Canterbury) • Exploited inter-tribal rivalries for effective buying conditions (Ngati Toa vs Ngai Tahu)

Kingitana Movement • Concerns over Euro settlement led to concerns over Maori issues. Maori unity was discussed • Maori believed they were second class citizens • Te Wherowhero, Waikato chief had sufficient mana to unite some tribes under his leadership. (King Poutatu 1) • He determined Kingitana territory and dividing line, neither party to cross. • Maori nationalist movement to hold onto land distance themselves from Pakeha • Pakeha saw it as a direct attack on Article One & Queen • Problems: Waikato based & rival tribes did not join. King was novel to Maori

The Treaty 1840 -1900 • Grey plans invasion of Waikato. Claiming the Kingite movement was responsible for Oakura ambush in Taranaki war & Kingites planning to attack Auck • Europeans exercising euro-centric beliefs of superiority & dominance • Maori refusal of land was seen to challenge this • War in Waikato was British chance to assert authority the was lost in Taranaki • British attack Rangiriri 20 Nov 1863. many Euros killed • Paterangi & Rangiaowhia sacked by British • Battle at Orakau Mar-April 1864

The Treaty 1840 -1900 • New Gov in 1855. Thomas Gore Browne. • Dispute in Waitara 1860 over hapu ownership. Te Teira & Wiremu King. Land communally owned, but sold anyway • Gore Browne exploits tribal divisions and takes land • War erupts. Troops in. Maori put up strong fight, helped by Waikato Maori. British outclassed at times • Cease fire 1861. Wiremu Tamihana, a Kingite Chief intervenes. Browne sacked, Grey back in • George Grey works for peace, although did force his dominance. Maori refuse to sell land

Waikato Wars • Maori escape. Grey decides to attack Bay of Plenty Maori who supplied Waikato Maori • Maori destroyed British forces at Gate Pa 230 to 1700 armed troops. Maori escape • Peace is sought. War is still being fought on the East Coast & Taranaki area • Grey would not tolerate a rival authority and the King movement threatened this • Worked against his assimilation policy the separatism and nationalism of Maori

Pakeha Peace • Govt. seized 3. 5 mill acres of land (NZ Settlements Act) for farming as punishment for rebellion • King Country borders still obeyed, and relationships are tense • Post-war, new legislation strips Maori of more rights and land;

Pakeha Peace • NZ Loan Act 1863; authorised the Govt to borrow 3 million to suppress the rebellion • Native Lands Act 1865; divide & buy courts set up to wrangle land of Maori…made land dealing strictly European in procedure • Maori Representation Act 1867; Maori men given vote, but only four MP’s…under-represented • Native Schools Act 1867; Maori schools to be paid by Maori as well as land for school, taught by Pakeha; Pakeha curriculum

Maori? • Population decline ‘soften the pillow…’ Maori marginalized • Extinct? ? • Loss of Land & legislation crippled Maori nation • Maori Mystics-New Testament & Mythical amalgam to cope with Pakeha culture • Te Kooti the prophet; lost tribes of Israel; Canaanites) , Te Whiti (Parihaka) • Separate development, isolated from Pakeha as a way of coping

Maori? • Kotahitanga (unity) Movement