QUESTIONS TO BE DISCUSSED • 1.

QUESTIONS TO BE DISCUSSED • 1. The category of number. • 2. The category of case. • 3. The English article.

Category = • a system of expressing • general • grammatical meaning • through • the opposition of forms

ВНИМАНИЕ! СХЕМА, • которая используется • в данном курсе регулярно • при описании оппозиций, • на которых базируются • грамматические категории

Эту схему • следует воспроизводить • при ответе на экзамене, • чтобы проверить, • вся ли информация сохранилась • в памяти, • и чтобы придать ответу • системный характер

РИСУЕМ ЗАГОТОВКУ • ДЛЯ КАТЕГОРИИ ЧИСЛА

QUANTITY Peculiarities of the opposition

Peculiarities of the opposition

• 2 sets of forms • are opposed • BINARY opposition • father – fathers • family – families • child – children • etc. - etc.

• only one • of the opposed forms • is marked • cat – cats • watch – watches • ox – oxen • etc.

PRIVATIVE OPPOSITION

EQUIPOLLENT OPPOSITION

• Number of nouns: • PRIVATIVE • or • EQUIPOLLENT • opposition?

• LIMITED CATEGORY • Not all the units • of the class • enter the opposition

• DON’T • enter the opposition • knowledge • air • money • trousers • news • etc.

• GLASS 1) countable • 2) uncountable • in different meanings • Give me a glass of juice. • I wonder whether P. M. s wash glasses. • opposition no opposition • The teacher wears glasses. • Windows can’t be made without glass.

• Non-standard ways • Of forming the plural • 1) both forms unmarked • deer – deer • fish - fish • 2) sound variations • tooth - teeth, • man – men • Etc.

• 2. • The category of case.

Надеюсь, • вы помните схему • описания • оппозиций • в любой категории

РИСУЕМ ЗАГОТОВКУ • ДЛЯ КАТЕГОРИИ ПАДЕЖА

• cases • indicate relations • between words • in the sentence

КАКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ? • ТОЛЬКО • ПРИНАДЛЕЖНОСТИ? • FIVE MINUTES’S TALK • FIVE MILES’ WALK

VARIOUS

• English case system greatly differs • from • the Russian one:

• 2 sets of forms • are opposed • BINARY opposition • women – women’s

• only one • of the opposed forms • is marked • cat – cat’s

• There are • few cases left • 1) COMMON • cat, cats • 2) POSSESSIVE (GENITIVE) • cat’s, cats’

• SUBSTITUTES • are • frequently used • (prepositional phrases) • Moscow’s streets – • the streets of Moscow

• There has been • a change of meaning • NOT ONLY • POSESSION!

• five-miles’ walk • (distance) • five-minutes’ walk • (duration)

• The formal sign of case • has changed its function • ’s can be added • to phrases The man-I-saw-yesterday’s son Mom and Dad’s room

• LIMITED CATEGORY • the cat’s legs • _______ YES. • the chair’s leg • NO ! • Fairy tale? • the leg of the chair • _______ YES.