Qin Ch in Dynasty 221 -206 B C E

Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221 -206 B. C. E. z Established China’s first empire z Shi Huangdi (221 -206 B. C. E) z Legalist rule Bureaucratic administration Ø Centralized control Ø Military expansion Ø Book burnings targeted Confucianists § Buried protestors alive! Ø z Built large section of the. Great Wall

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army

Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Soldiers & Cavalrymen

Cavalry

Individual Soldiers

The Details of an Individual Soldier

Individual “Tombs”

The Great Wall with Towers

The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass

Han Dynasty, 206 B. C. E. -220 C. E. z “People of the Han” original Chinese z Paper invented [105 B. C. E. ] z Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many z Buddhism introduced into China z Expanded into Central Asia

Han – Roman Empire Connection

Chang’an The Han Capital

Liu Sheng Tomb (d. 113 B. C. E. ) His JADE SUIT has 2498 pieces!

Emperor Wudi, 141 -87 B. C. E. z Started public schools. z Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam. z Civil service system Ø bureaucrats Ø Confucian scholar-gentry z Revival of Chinese landscape painting.

Han Artifacts Imperial Seal Han Ceramic House

Ceramics, Later Han Period

Trade Routes of the Ancient World

Multi-Cultural Faces -- People Along the Silk Road

Ruins of Jiaohe, Turphan depression. Han dynasty outpost in Central Asia

Sui Dynasty, 581 -618 C. E. z “Land Equalization” System land redistribution. z Unified coinage. z Grand Canal constructed. z Established an army of professional soldiers. Ø People were overworked and overtaxed!

The Grand Canal

The Grand Canal Today

Tang Dynasty, 618 -907 C. E. z Imperial examination system perfected. z Liberal attitude towards all religions. Ø Spread of Buddhism in China z Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries. Ø Japan, Korea, Persia

Tang Government Organizatio n

Tang Dynasty, 618 -907 C. E. z New technologies: Printing moveable print Ø Porcelain Ø Gunpowder Ø Mechanical clocks Ø z More cosmopolitan culture. z Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. z Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia.

Empress Wu Zetian, 624705 z The only female Empress in China’s z z history who ruled alone. Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court. Construction of new irrigation systems. Buddhism was the favored state religion. Ø Financed the building of many Buddhist temples. BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies.

Foot-Binding in Tang China v Broken toes by 3 years of age. v Size 5 ½ shoe on the right

Foot-Binding in Tang China Mothers bound their daughters’ feet.

Foot-Binding in Tang China v For upper-class girls, it became a new custom.

The Results of Foot-Binding

Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960 -1279 C. E. z Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. z Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. z Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power!

Song Peasant Family

Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song

Song Rice Cultivation

Mongolian Steppes

Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt”

Mongol Invasions

Mongol Warriors

Mongol Archer

Gold Saddle Arch – th century Mongols, 13

Gold Saddle, Front View – th century Mongols, 13

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] z Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] 1162 - 1227 Ø from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia] Ø

The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] z Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: Ø If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. Ø If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. Ø If you do not have children, we will take your wife. Ø If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. z Used cruelty as a weapon some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

Mongol Nobleman, th century late 13

Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, th century early 14

Yuan Golden Bowl, 13 th century

The Extent of the Mongol Empire

Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279 -1368 C. E. z Kublai Khan [r. 1260 -1294] Ø Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] § Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them. § No Chinese in top govt. posts. § Believed foreigner were more trustworthy. § Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. ü Marco Polo

Marco Polo (1254 -1324) z A Venetian merchant. z Traveled through Yuan China: 1271 -1295 Ø “Black Stones” [coal] Ø Gunpowder. Ø Noodles.

Marco Polo’s Travels

Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

Yuan Dynasty, 1279 -1368 C. E. z The Black Plague was spread by the th Mongols in the mid-14 century. z Sent fleets against Japan. Ø 1281 150, 000 warriors Ø Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”] z Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life.

China’s last native imperial dynasty!

The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital

Revived the Civil Service Exam

Ming Cultural Revolution z Printing & Literacy Ø Cheap, popular books: § woodblock printing. § cheap paper. Examination system. Ø Leads to explosion in literacy. Ø Leads to further popularization of the commercial market. Ø z Culture & Art Ø Increased literacy leads to increased interest in cultural expressions, ideas, and things: § § Literature. Painting. Ceramics. Opera.

Ming Silver Market z Spanish Silver Convoys Triangle route: § Philippines to China to Japan. Ø Silver floods Chinese Market: § Causes devaluation of currency & recession § Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas. § Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe § Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe. Ø Ø Helps fund conquest of New World Ø Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade.

Ming Dynasty, 1368 -1644 C. E. z Golden Age of Chinese Art Ø Moderation Ø Softness Ø Gracefulness z Three different schools of painting developed. z Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City.

Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368 -1398)

The Tribute System

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) z Ming “Treasure Fleet” Ø Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide 1371 -1435

Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) z China’s “Columbus? ”

Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages z First Voyage: 1405 -1407 [62 ships; 27, 800 men]. z Second Voyage: 1407 -1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip]. z Third Voyage: 1409 -1411 [48 ships; 30, 000 men]. z Fourth Voyage: 1413 -1415 [63 ships; 28, 500 men]. z Fifth Voyage: 1417 -1419 z Sixth Voyage: 1421 -1422 Ø Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work. z Seventh Voyage: 1431 -1433 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam Ø 100 ships and 27, 500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip. Ø

z 1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port.

Ming Porcelain / Ceramics, 17 th– 18 th centuries

Ming Vases, 18 c

Ming Carved Lacquer Dish th century 15

Ming Scroll Painting “Travellers in Autumn Mountains”

Ming Painting – “Taoist Scholar”

Ming Painting – “Birds and Flowers”, 16 th century

Ming Painting and Calligraphy, th century early 16

Imperial China’s Impact on History z Removed religion from morality. z Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate. Ø Mandate of Heaven z Secular law. z Valued history The Dynastic Cycle