PUNCTUATION The punctuation marks or the stops

PUNCTUATION

The punctuation marks or the stops demonstrate the grammatical relations between words, phrases, pauses, and sentences. The use of punctuation marks is generally regulated by the structure of sentence, the function of the word or word-group in a sentence or clause.

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE If we want to separate different parts of the sentence, we must observe the following rules: Either a comma or no stop is used with homogeneous members; Either a comma or a dash is used with detached members A comma, a dash, or a brackets may be used to separate parenthetical words, groups of words, and clause. A comma or a note of exclamation may be used to separate interjections A comma is used to separate direct address

EITHER A COMMA OR NO STOP IS USED WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS 1. 2. 3. We use a coma to separate homogeneous members if they are joined asyndetically. If the last of several homogeneous members is joined by the conjunction and, a comma is used after each of them. No comma is used if two homogeneous members are joined by conjunction and.

EITHER A COMMA OR NO STOP IS USED WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS EXAMPLES 1. 2. 3. The book was big, old, red. The horror films, the adventure films, and science fiction films are the most interesting for me. You must stop yelling and crying

EITHER A COMMA OR NO STOP IS USED WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS 4. If there are several homogeneous members and each of them is joined to the preceding by the conjunction and or nor, they may or may not be separated by commas 5. If the homogeneous members are joined by the conjunction but and the correlative conjunction not only…but also, a comma is used to separate them. 6. A comma is used to separate homogeneous members going in pairs

EITHER A COMMA OR NO STOP IS USED WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS 4. 5. 6. The man was not strong, nor cleaver enough, nor sly. Not only her soul, but her mind was stolen by this man. Between boys and girls, men and women, we could find anything unusual.

EITHER A COMMA OR A DASH IS USED WITH DETACHED MEMBERS 1. 2. 3. 4. A comma or a dash is used to separate a loose apposition A comma is used to separate all types of detached adverbial modifiers A comma is used to separate detached attributes A comma is used to separate detached objects

EITHER A COMMA OR A DASH IS USED WITH DETACHED MEMBERS 1. 2. 3. 4. The book, “A Song of Ice and Fire”, is rather interesting than series. The editor, seeing my manuscript, will become crazy. The girl was a bit unusual, silent, pretty, wise. Jim was here, with his book, with his cat.

A COMMA, A DASH, OR A BRACKETS MAY BE USED TO SEPARATE PARENTHETICAL WORDS, GROUPS OF WORDS, AND CLAUSE. Sarah, my dear, comparatively speaking, you are safe.

A COMMA IS USED TO ADDRESS Arthur, what did you say? SEPARATE DIRECT