Public schooling in the U S An

Public schooling in the U. S. : An introduction • What we do well • What we could/ should do better Professor Sue Books Secondary Education SUNY New Paltz bookss@newpaltz. edu

Basic education program in the U. S. : Kindergarten through grade 12

Public school enrollment changes, 1968 -2011 1968 1991 2001 2011 Percentage change, 1968 -2011 White students 34. 7 million 25. 4 million 28. 6 million 25. 1 million - 27. 7% Black students Asian students Latino students 6. 3 million -- 6 million 8. 1 million 2 million 7. 5 million 2. 5 million 11. 9 million +19% 2 million 1. 3 million 4. 7 million 8. 1 million -- +495% Source: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Published in Brown at 60, by Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg (2014).

Percentage of public school students who are English language learners, by state, 2011– 2012 Source: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

Percentage of public-school students eligible for free- or reduced-price lunch, 2011 Source: Southern Education Foundation, 2013

Probability of earning a BA degree by age 24 based on family income, 2010 Source: Tom Mortenson, “Bachelors Degree Attainment by Age 24 by Family Income Quartile, 1970 -2010” (Oskaloosa, IA: Postsecondary Educational Opportunity, 2012)

(Headline from May 18, 1954) “Today, education is perhaps the most important function of state and local governments. . It is the very foundation of good citizenship. . In these days, it is doubtful that any child may reasonably be expected to succeed in life if he is denied the opportunity of an education. Such an opportunity, where the state has undertaken to provide it, is a right which must be made available to all on equal terms. ” Brown v. Board of Education (U. S. Supreme Court, 1954)

September 8, 1954: the first day of school desegregation at Fort Myer Elementary School in Virginia – after the U. S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education

“Same” does not “EQUAL” mean “equal” DOES NOT MEAN “SAME” Lau v. Nichols (1974) “There is no equality of treatment merely by providing students with the same facilities, books, teachers and curriculum, for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education. ”

There must be a good reason to turn schoolchildren away! Plyler v. Doe (1982) “If the State is to deny a discrete group of innocent children the free public education that it offers to other children residing within its borders, that denial must be justified by a showing that it furthers some substantial state interest. No such showing was made here. ”

Percentage of black students in majority-white public schools, 1988 -2011 1988 43. 5% 1991 39. 2% 1994 36. 6% 1996 34. 7% 1998 32. 7% 2000 31% 2006 27. 7% 2011 23. 2% Source: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Data published in Brown at 60: Great Progress, a Long Retreat and an Uncertain Future, by Gary Orfield and Erica Frankenberg (2014)

National Assessment of Educational Progress: Score gaps in reading achievement among black and white 8 th graders

National Assessment of Educational Progress: Score gaps in reading achievement, Hispanic and white 8 th graders

The achievement gap in reading has widened sharply between rich and poor students in the last three decades, and is now twice the size of the gap between black and white students. Difference in standardized test scores Birth year, 1940 2000 Source: Reardon, Sean F. 2011. The Widening Academic Achievement Gap Between the Rich and the Poor. In G. Duncan and R. Murnane (eds. ) Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances.

State and local revenue provided to U. S. public schools, 2011 Spending per pupil, 5 highest-spending states Spending per pupil, 5 lowest-spending states Wyoming New York Alaska Connecticut New Jersey Mississippi Oklahoma Arizona Utah Idaho $17, 397 $16, 752 $16, 339 $14, 706 $14, 276 $7, 461 $7, 406 $7, 363 $6, 844 $6, 753 Source: Baker, Sciarra, and Farrie (2014), Is School Funding Fair? 3 rd edition

Percentage change in spending per student, 2008 -2014 Source: CBPP budget analysis and National Center for Education Statistics

Criteria for federal Race to the Top Grants Adopt common standards and assessments – i. e. , Common Core curriculum Use data systems to measure and track student performance Adopt strict teacher evaluation methods – e. g. , consider student test scores Commit to closing “underperforming” schools

Video: The Common Core (3 minutes) http: //www. corestandards. org/read-the-standards/ https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 s 0 r. Rk 9 s. ER 0 <object width="560" height="315"><param name="movie" value="//www. youtube. com/v/5 s 0 r. Rk 9 s. ER 0? version=3& hl=en_US& rel=0"></param><param name="allow. Full. Screen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="//www. youtube. com/v/5 s 0 r. Rk 9 s. ER 0? version=3& hl=en_US& rel =0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="560" height="315" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true"></embed></object>

“What the best and wisest parent wants for his child, that must we want for all the children of the community. Anything less is unlovely, and left unchecked, destroys our democracy. ” Educational philosopher John Dewey (1907)

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