Provide an example of someone from

• Provide an example of someone from the enemy nations of the axis powers who deserves the punishment of death post WWII. • Provide an example of someone from the enemy nations of the axis powers who deserves the punishment of prison time but not death. • Provide an example of someone from the enemy nations of the axis powers who deserves no punishment.

From Hot to Cold War

The Big Three-Allies Forever? Agree to: • Try the Nazi war criminals • Form the United Nations • Divide Germany • Divide Berlin • Hold free elections in Eastern Europe • Defeat Japan

What kept the Allies together in war was now gone! The enemy of my enemy is my friend! No Longer!!

World War II Changes the World! • • Atomic Age Begins Jets, Computers, and Rockets Invented Radar and Sonar Penicillin, Sulfa, and Antibiotics Imperialism and Colonialism End USA & USSR emerge as Superpowers Cold War Begins

I. Post War Decisions • A. Issues to be addressed. • 1. What to do with the defeated nations? • 2. How to rebuild? • 3. How to make sure this doesn’t happen again?

A war criminal or sovereign leader of an independent country?

Judgment at Nuremberg Following WWII the Nazis were tried for: • War crimes • Crimes against peace • Crimes against humanity

Mohammed Aziz, 38, a survivor of the Halabja gas attack now calls Nashville, Tenn. , home as he sits outside the Kurdish Human Rights Office in Nashville, Friday, Feb. 7, 2003. Aziz lost his father, two uncles, a brother, nieces and nephews, in March 1988 when Iraqi war planes dropped sarin and mustard gas on his hometown. While Americans waver on war with Iraq, Kurdish refugees in the United States have no doubt about the threat posed by Saddam Hussein.

The trial of the Nazi war criminals is held at Nuremberg! Hermann Göring

The Nazis had no time for American Prisoners! Malmedy Massacre December 1944

The Evils of the Nazis Uncovered • The Holocaust at Auschwitz • Arbeit Macht Frei “Work makes one Free!” • The only escape was through the chimney.

It began with simply registering, then wearing a star…how it ends up is history.

Some survived till 1945!

This photo was taken by an SS photographer. It is part of an album discovered after liberation by a female prisoner. Most people create family albums containing photos of their children, wives, husbands, mementos of places visited. . . Evidently this SS photographer was proud of the work he and his comrades were doing. The people in the photo had only just been brought from the trains where they had been crammed in cattle cars with no food, water or sanitation. Look closely at them, these were the people the Nazis considered dangerous. Not long after this photo was taken they were gassed, and their bodies burned.

Some survived till 1945! The Nazis just ran out of time!

I. Post War Decisions • B. War Crimes – Nuremberg Trials • 1. Trials of the major leaders of Nazi Germany. November 1945 -October 1946. • 2. International Military Tribunal • 3. No one was denied due process.

Herman Goering's elaborate custom suitcase bearing his coat of arms, which he took with him when he surrendered as a prisoner of war. The interior is indicative of the opulent lifestyle of the head of the Luftwaffe. It is complete with his writing folder, brushes, mirror, various bottles and boxes, and a group of cigars.

Eichmann's organizational chart of the SS, revised and corrected by Eichmann during his trial

I. Post War Decisions • 4. Major Charges • - Participating in a major plan to conquer others and in the process commit war crimes and crimes against humanity. • - Violation of customs and laws of warfare: killing civilians, taking hostages, and maltreatment of prisoners of war.

The Japanese war criminals appear in a series of signed photographs

List of the Judges and Defendants at the Far East War Crimes Tribunals. Spectators pass to the trials.

I. Post War Decisions • C. Results of Nuremberg • 1. 22 primary defendants: 11 given death, 3 acquitted, 3 given life, 4 given sentences from 10 -20 years. • 2. Trials reject the argument that orders from superiors relieved people from the responsibility of war crimes.

Punishments at Nuremberg • • 1. Herman Goering – Next in line to Hitler in the Nazi Party. –Death. However, he committed suicide in his cell. 2. Rudolph Hess – Deputy minister – Life in prison. 3. Hans Frank – Governor of Poland during its occupation. - Death 4. Julius Streicher – Editor in Chief of Der Stuermer – antisemitic newspaper. - Death 5. Alfred Jodl – Chief of regular German Army - Death 6. Franz von Papen – Vice Chancellor • • • - Acquitted

Closing Remarks by Robert Jackson – U. S. A. • The reality is that in the long perspective of history the present century will not hold an admirable position, unless its second half is to redeem its first. These two-score years in the twentieth century will be recorded in the book of years as one of the most bloody in all annals. Two World Wars have left a legacy of dead which number more than all the armies engaged in any way that made ancient or medieval history. No half century ever witnessed slaughter on such a scale, such cruelties and inhumanities, such wholesale deportations of peoples into slavery, such annihilations of minorities. Theses deeds are the overshadowing historical facts by which generations to come will remember this decade. If we cannot eliminate the causes and prevent the repetition of these barbaric events, it is not an irresponsible prophecy to say that this twentieth century may yet succeed in bringing the doom of civilization.

• When I despair, I remember that all through history the ways of truth and love have always won! • There have been tyrants, and murderers, and for a time they can seem invincible, but in the end they always fall. • Think of it------Always! Mahatma Gandhi

Yalta Conference

Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin meet for the last time.

Creating the United Nations • FDR’s dream of a United Nations located in the USA is realized. • Located in New York city, the UN today plays a major role in worldwide peace keeping.

General Assembly - Congress for the U. N. - One country one vote - Can only make recommendations to committees

The United Nations • The General Assembly & Security Council • Security Council - Decides on issues related to war. • - 5 permanent members (U. S. , USSR, China, France and Great Britain) • - One veto = no use of troops http: //www. un. org/

The UN Does Wage War 1950: After North Korean launched an attack across the de facto border at the 38 th parallel, the Security Council passed a resolution calling on all members to assist in halting the strike. The motion gave the United States the authority to help South Korea wage war against the North, which was supported by China. 1991: The United States led a coalition of nations to dislodge Iraq from Kuwait after President Saddam Hussein ignored a U. N. threat of force if he didn’t withdraw from the tiny gulf nation, which he invaded the previous summer.

Flanked by International Atomic Energy Agency head Mohamed El. Baaradei, left, the U. N. 's chief weapons inspector Hans Blix gestures outside the United Nations Security Council following a briefing on the U. N. weapons inspectors' report on Iraqi weapons of mass destruction, Thursday, Jan. 9, 2003, at the United Nations in New York. Blix said weapons inspectors have found "no smoking guns" in their search for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.

UN Security Council Meeting on Iraq – March of 2003

Under the Charter, the functions and powers of the Security Council are: • to maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations; • to investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction; • to recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement; • to formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments; • to determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken; • to call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression; • to take military action against an aggressor; • to recommend the admission of new Members; • to exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in "strategic areas"; • to recommend to the General. Assembly the appointment of the Secretary. General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice.

Colin Powell, Secretary of State of the United States, speaking to the UN Security Council March 10, 2003.

Secretary-General Kofi Annan listens intently to members discussing the situation in Iraq in March 11, 2003’s Security Council meeting on Iraq.

Mohammad Al-Douri, Permanent Representative of Iraq to the United Nations, speaking to the UN Security Council

The UN Does Make Peace (current operations with start date) Europe: Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1995; Kosovo, 1999 The Mideast: Lebanon, 1988; Iraq-Kuwait border, 1991

The UN Also Has Notable Failures: Somalia: The U. S. dispatched 28, 000 troops to support U. N. humanitarian efforts in the war-torn nation in 1992. But shortly after the disastrous “Blackhawk Down” episode in the capital, Mogadishu, in October 1993, in which 18 American troops were killed, the American force was withdrawn. Rwanda: The United Nations accepted responsibility for failing to stop the 1994 massacre of 800, 000, mostly minority Tutsis. The United Nations had 2, 500 troops in the country, but governments pulled out most of the soldiers after the 10 Belgian peacekeepers were killed and despite warnings of a likely genocide. The Balkans: A U. N. “safe haven” in Srebrenica was overrun in 1995 by Serb forces, who massacred an estimated 7, 000 Bosnian Muslims. A lightly armed U. N. force from the Netherlands failed to stop the killing.

1 ST Peace seeking act of UN • Peace in the former Palestine. • In 1948 the Jewish state of Israel was created. • A UN partition plan had been proposed but rejected by the Arabs. • War breaks out between the Jews and Arabs. • The country of Israel is born out of war.

Israel by 1948 • The resultant territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip are what we hear the most about in the news today.

Finish Outlines • The Cold War Heats Up! • In class textbook assignment • Page 760 • Work on Map of Europe • Iron Curtain Page 764 • NATO and Warsaw Pact Page 769

The Cold War World War II Ends & The Cold War Begins

Grading Policy Changes for Quarter 4 • Grades on all summative assessments will be given to individual students by averaging the class scores. • Each student will receive the average score for the class for a final grade on all summative assessments. • Everyone will have the same grade on all summative assessments.

The Cold War-A Struggle for World Domination Capitalism v Communism USA v USSR 1 st World v 2 nd World-In an attempt To control the 3 rd World/Whole World Fought 1947 - 1989

Cold War’s Major Events • Troubles in Germany, Greece, and Turkey • Soviet Expansion v US Containment • Troubles in Asia – China – Korea – Vietnam • Troubles in Cuba • Arms Races & Space Race

The Cold War Begins • Stalin keeps much of Eastern Europe following World War II • Stalin attempts to take Greece and Turkey • Stalin supports Communist political parties in Western Europe aimed at taking over Italy, France, Britain, Germany, and Spain.

Rapid Soviet Expansion • Stalin takes: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Poland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Albania, and East Germany/East Berlin • Attempts to take: West Berlin, Greece, and Turkey • Aides Mao in his fight against Chiang for control of China

Churchill delivering the famous “Iron Curtain Speech” 1946.

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. - Winston Churchill 1946

Truman saves Greece! Stalin wants Greece!

US Goal for the Cold War Stop the Spread of Communism The American Policy Designed to do this is called: Containment

The Marshall Plan

Marshall Plan Expenditures Economic Assistance, April 3, 1948 to June 30, 1952 (in millions of dollars) COUNTRY Total Grants Loans Total for all countries $13, 325. 8 $11, 820. 7 $1, 505. 1 Austria 677. 8 -Belgium. Luxembourg 559. 3 491. 3 68. 0 Denmark 273. 0 239. 7 33. 3 France 2, 713. 6 2, 488. 0 225. 6 West Germany 1, 390. 6 1, 173. 7 216. 9 Greece 706. 7 Iceland 29. 3 24. 0 5. 3 Ireland 147. 5 19. 3 128. 2 Italy 1, 508. 8 1, 413. 2 95. 6 Netherlands 1, 083. 5 916. 8 166. 7 Norway 255. 3 216. 1 39. 2 Portugal 51. 2 15. 1 36. 1 Sweden 107. 3 86. 9 20. 4 Turkey 225. 1 140. 1 85. 0 United Kingdom 3, 189. 8 2, 805. 0 384. 8

With Food, Clothing, Shelter, Jobs and Freedom • Marshall Plan’s Chief Goal? • Restore the Economies of Western Europe! • Hopeless people will turn to Communism in the hope of change • People who have something will fight to keep it!

Troubles in Germany

Troubles in Berlin Air Lift 11 Months June 1948 -May 1949

“We’re Staying in Berlin!”

OPERATION VITTLES

OPERATION VITTLES

OPERATION VITTLES

OPERATION VITTLES

OPERATION VITTLES Gail Halverson Will Drop Over 150, 000 Mini parachutes With Candy During His Tour In The Berlin Airlift!

German Democratic Republic – East Germany 1949 -1989 Federal Republic of Germany 1949 -1989

After the Berlin Airlift Western Europe, Canada, and the US created the NATO Alliance Stalin counters this with the Warsaw Pact

Charter Meeting of NATO

A divided Europe Soon to be a divided World!

Containment of Communism - USSR 1. Truman Doctrine: Aid to Greece and Turkey 2. The Marshall Plan 3. NATO 4. SEATO 5. The Berlin Airlift 6. The Korea War 7. The Vietnam War

Harry Truman John F. Kennedy Cold War Leaders Josef Stalin Dwight Eisenhower Nikita Khrushchev Mao Zedong

POP QUIZ

Mao Zedong was the leader of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1976. Under his rule, the Chinese educational, societal, and economic systems disintegrated and many citizens were repressed and tortured.

Mao vs Chiang

III. The Cold War Comes to Asia • A. China • 1. After WWII U. S. supported nationalist forces under Chiang-Kai–Shek would fight a civil war against Mao Zedong and the communist rebels. • 2. The nationalists will be defeated and retreat to the Island of Formosa (Taiwan).

Defeated by Mao, Chiang kai-shek created a country called Nationalist China opposed to Mao’s Communist China Toady it is called Taiwan!!!

This slide was Made in Taiwan! So long Chiang Hello Mao 3. The People’s Republic of China is declared in October of 1949. Led by Mao Zedong. U S A L L Y

Who is this man and why is he always wearing an ugly brown pantsuit?

Korean War? Police Action Limited War 60, 000 American Dead

III. The Cold War Comes to Asia • B. Korea • 1. Peninsula was divided along the 38 th parallel: Communist backed (USSR) – North, Pro-western (US backed) – South. • 2. North Korea backed by the USSR invades south to occupy and reunite Korea under a communist backed government June 25, 1950.

June 25, 1950 North Korea Invades South Korea Driving Toward the Pusan Perimeter!

Truman’s Dilemma • Allow S. Korea to fall and Containment fails • Fight and start World War III • Thermonuclear War • No response shows weakness

II. Cold War Comes to Asia • 3. Truman responds by ordering U. S. air and naval forces to Korea as a police action w/o congressional approval. • 4. Truman seeks UN support. • 5. China and USSR are boycotting the UN so the security council votes to support the US led military action.

A US & UN Police Action: June 1950 – July 1953

II. The Cold War Comes to Asia • C. Korean War • 1. North Koreans push the South back to the Pusan Perimeter. • 2. US Army General Douglas Mac. Arthur launches a counter attack at Inchon and pushes the NK’s back to the Yalu River.

Lt. Gen. Walton H. Walker, U. S. Eighth Army commander, crosses the Naktong River. Walker's troops established the Pusan perimeter (also known as the Naktong perimeter) by August 1, 1950.

US Counter Attack Begins at Inchon U. S. Marines of the First Division climb a sea wall during the Inchon invasion on September 15, 1950. The Inchon landing was a brilliant strategic coup that turned the tide of the war against North Korea.

US Counter Attack Begins at Inchon General of the U. S. Army Douglas Mac. Arthur (seated, center), commander in chief of the Far East Command (FEC), observes the Inchon landing from aboard the USS Mount Mc. Kinley on September 15, 1950. The Inchon landing was Mac. Arthur's Korean War masterstroke. Quickly planned despite opposition from Washington, D. C. , it was a brilliant strategic coup that turned the tide of the war.

US Counter Attack Begins at Inchon Supplies are unloaded at Red Beach following the Inchon landing on September 15, 1950.

3. Mac. Arthur wants to push into China and free it from the communists. 4. Macarthur wishes to use Nuclear weapons – total war if needed. 5. Truman knows it must stay limited and fires Mac. Arthur.

US Counter Attack Continues North! The North Korean army is near collapse as US/UN forces push north 100’s surrender!

Approaching the Yalu at Thanksgiving many US soldiers and Macarthur believe they’ll all be home for Christmas! 250, 000 Chinese Volunteers Cross the Yalu River to save North Korea!!! We bug out, and a marine general wins acclaim for saying, “Retreat hell we’re just advancing backwards!”

Macarthur demands permission to bomb China and personally negotiate peace with the Chinese in direct violation of Truman’s orders! Truman fires Macarthur!

Driven back by the Chinese advance US/UN troops re-cross the 38 th Parallel and fall back losing Seoul.

Operation Killer! Ridgeway orders US/UN troops to spend bullets not lives and the Chinese are stopped by massive US/UN firepower!

3. Mac. Arthur wants to push into China and free it from the communists. 4. Macarthur wishes to use Nuclear weapons – total war if needed. 5. Truman knows it must stay limited and fires Mac. Arthur. 6. The Chinese join the NK’s and push the UN troops back to the 38 th parallel. 7. Armistice in 1953 – Never a treaty ending the war!

In July 1953 North Korea and China, allies in the Korean War, signed a truce agreement at Panmunjom with the United Nations command that had supported South Korea. The agreement ended fighting on the Korea Peninsula, but a permanent peace settlement between South Korea and North Korea has not been reached. US. Troops are still stationed along the 38 th parallel today!!!

Lt. Gen. William K. Harrison Jr. signs the Armistice Agreement, which effectively ended the Korean War, at Panmunjom on July 27, 1953.

Private first class Thomas S. Farrell of Trinidad, Colo. , leaves a Communist truck at the Panmunjom, Korea prisoner exchange point August 18, 1953 during the 15 th day of Operation Big Switch.

II. The Cold War Comes to Asia • D. Results of Korea • 1. Same division line 38 th parallel. • 2. 54, 000 U. S. deaths • 3. Sets the precedent of: • - Fighting with out gaining territory or accomplishing an objective. • - Big Budgets for military Spending (military industrial complex) • - Increased power of the President in use of military.

This is the closest you can get to the bridge that will someday join North and South Korea? ?

The DMZ at the 38 th Parallel in 2008 – US troops are still in Korea!

This is the entrance to the 3 rd Infiltration Tunnel that was discovered. The North had secretly dug tunnels under the DMZ border in order to launch sneak attacks on the South.

Seoul South Korea prosperous Democratic and Capitalistic!

Is North Korea Next? ? ?

Kim Jong-Il North Korea’s Leader died December 17, 2011! His son Kim Jong-Un age 28 replaces him.

Results of the Korean War • An armistice ends the war • US troops still patrol the DMZ at the 38 th parallel • US believes that it can fight “Limited Wars” • Led us into Vietnam!

Results of the Korean War • 2, 700, 000 Deaths • 50, 000+ US Deaths • $15, 000, 000 US Cost in 1953 • We still patrol the DMZ – 38, 000 troops

“Bless ‘Em All” Sung on the Retreat from the Yalu ****’em all, ****’em all The Commies, the UN, and all. And now know the meaning of USMC But we’re saying goodbye to them all, We’re Harry’s police force on call. So put your pack back on, The next stop is Saigon, Cheer up, me lads ****’em all. This song got the US marines in a little trouble but the corp is not a Family School Business! Of significance is the word in Red! Where are we going to go next?

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