PROFESSIONALISM No man ever reached to excellence in

PROFESSIONALISM “No man ever reached to excellence in any one art or profession without having passed through the slow and painful process of study and preparation. ” -Horace

THE ESTROUS CYCLE

NORMAL ESTOUS CYCLE: THE BITCH • Estrous Cycle: Defined as the time from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next. • Onset of puberty: 6 -24 mths; Avg. : 910 mths • Follicular phase (proestrus and estrus) or the Luteal phase (diestrus and anestrus).

ESTROUS CYCLE – Proestrus : leading to estrus (Avg: 9 -10 days) – Estrus: MATING (Avg: 9 -10 days) – Metestrus: 2 phases in diestrus – Diestrus: Pregnancy is established (Avg: 5758 days) – Anestrus: time when no reproductive event (Avg: 2 -5 months) PAGE 374 (Figure 14 -1)

HORMONE Ovarian Follicle Estrogen Causes Gn. RH release > LH surge Hypothalamus Gn. RH Anterior Pituitary FSH

HORMONE CHANGES Estradiol concentration increases as ovarian follicles mature and the uterus enlarges

METETRUS

VAGINAL CYTOLOGY A saline moistened cotton swab is inserted through the vulvar lips into the vagina. The swab is angled craniodorsally to avoid the clitoral fossa. A clean otoscope may be used to guide the swab and to provide a light source for visual guidance. Once the swab is located cranial to the urethral orifice, the swab is rotated slightly to exfoliate and collect the cells.

VAGINAL CYTOLOGY The cells are transferred to a clean glass slide by rolling the swab along the surface of the slide. Intact cells are obtained during transfer by rolling the swab. In contrast, back and forth smearing of the swab to transfer the cells will cause sever cellular distortion and rupture. Once the cells have been transferred, the slides are air dried, stained with Romanowsky or new methylene blue stains, and examined microscopically

VAGINAL CYTOLOGY Romanowsky stains (Wright, Giemsa, Leishman, Diff-Quik®), new methylene blue, toluidine blue, trichome stains (Papanicolaou, Shorr, Sano) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). 1 Personal experience, preference, cost, and ease of use usually determine the choice of stain. In any event, the stain should be economical, easily stored, and produce consistent staining that is adequate for cytologic needs

Cycle Stage Length Hormonal changes Predominant Cell Types Erythrocytes Neutrophil Behavior Clinical s of the Signs Bitch Early: present Early: Attractive Vulvar Late: ± present to the edema and Late: male, but swelling, decreased won’t bloody stand for discharge mating Proestrus ~9 days Estrogen Early: mixed population of cells Late: large intermediate and superficial cells Estrus ~9 days LH (surge) Estrogen Progesterone 90% superficial cells Bacteria usually present ± Absent Accepts Less male and edema, will stand discharge becomes clearer Diestrus ~60 days Progesterone Abrupt change in relative # of epithelial cells. Superficial cells decrease by 20% ± Few to none Ceases to Little accept discharge, male edema decreased Anestrus Depends on whether pregnant or not. 70 -80 days for CL to regress and 130 days to repair endometrium. Progesterone Parabasal and Intermediate cells Few if any Few if present No Scanty, outward tenacious signs secretions

Typical morphological features of the vaginal mucosa and endometrium in anestrus (A), proestrus (P), estrus (E), and early diestrus (D). H&E. Original magnification 200 X.

NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: PROESTRUS • PROESTRUS: the period when the bitch is sexually attractive, but rejects the male’s advances • Physical signs of proestrus: – Serosanguinous vaginal discharge – Vulvar swelling – Vaginal edema – Internal physical signs: • Lengthening and hyperemia of the uterine horns • Enlargement of the cervix • Thickening of the vaginal wall

PROESTRUS vulvar edema, hyperemia, and a serosanguineous discharge http: //www. vetmed. wisc. edu/data/coursematerial/bosu/CR-lecture 1 and 2. pdf

PROESTRUS • Hormonal signs of proestrus: – Increasing serum concentrations of estradiol (estrogen) • estrogen is responsible for the physical signs of proestrus • Estrogen is being produced by the maturing follicles in the ovary (under the influence of Follicle Stimulating Hormone or FSH) • As proestrus progresses, the estrogen levels begin to peak and initiate the onset of estrus.

PROESTRUS • Cytologic signs of proestrus: – Vaginal Cytology • Parabasal cells and intermediate cells predominate; wbc’s and rbc’s present • Duration of proestrus: 317 days; Avg. : 9 days

Proestrus erythrocytes account for most of the cells observed on vaginal smears Early proestrus with a mixture of nondegenerate neutrophils; parabasal, intermediate, and superficial epithelial cells, erythrocytes, and mucus (Wright. Leishman stain). Late proestrus with erythrocytes, scattered superficial cells, and absence of neutrophils (Wright. Leishman stain).

THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: ESTRUS • ESTRUS: The period of acceptance of the male • Physical signs of estrus: – The swollen vulva is less turgid – The vulvar discharge is usually less bloody – The bitch allows mating • “standing” heat • “flagging” behavior (tail deviated to the side)

Canine Mating

Canine Mating cont.

ESTRUS • Hormonal signs of estrus: – Serum estrogen peaks in late proestrus and early estrus. The estrogen peak initiates a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) • LH results in ovulation (rupture) of the mature follicle and release of the oocyte. LH also stimulates the cells left behind in the empty follicle to multiply into the corpus luteum (See metestrus) • This stage of the reproductive cycle is influenced mainly by estrogens – serum progesterone levels begin to increase toward the end of estrus (and beginning of metestrus) • Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum which is forming from the empty follicle (see metestrus) • Progesterone is the hormone that maintains pregnancy

ESTRUS • Cytologic signs of estrus: – Vaginal cytology: • Superficial and superficial anuclear squamous cells predominate (aka cornified cells); rbc’s usally present, wbc’s usually absent • Duration of estrus: 3 -21 days; Avg. : 9 days This stage of the reproductive cycle is difficult to determine cytologically because distinguish features are only present microscopically at the beginning and the end of estrus

ESTRUS: VAGINAL CYTOLOGY CORNIFIED/ SUPERFICIAL EPITHELIAL CELLS (largest cell) Estrus characterized by superficial cells that are keratinized, largely anucleate, and have angular, folded cell margins (Wright-Leishman stain).

THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: METESTRUS • METESTRUS: The period after ovulation when the corpus luteum develops. – Internal signs of metestrus: • Lining of the uterus is thick and “juicy” in preparation for implantation of a fertilized ovum • Loss of the cornified epithelial lining that developed in the vagina during proestrus and estrus

THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: DIESTRUS • DIESTRUS: the period when the corpus luteum has reached maximum size and effectiveness. Begins with the bitch’s refusal to mate – Physical signs of diestrus: • None except the cessation of signs of estrus – Hormonal signs of diestrus: • Serum progesterone levels continue to increase and peak during diestrus • In a pregnant bitches, there is a rapid pre-partum drop in progesterone ~24 hours before partuition: 35 -40 ng/ml – CL maintained by prolactin • In non-pregnant animals, the decline may be more gradual

DIESTRUS • Cytologic signs of diestrus: – Vaginal cytology: • A sudden decrease in the number of superficial cells and a reappearance of intermediate and parabasal cells, rbc’s disappear completely and wbc’s. • Duration of diestrus: ~2 mths – Dogs and cats are unique in that their corpora lutea appear to have preprogrammed life spans.

DIESTRUS: VAGINAL CYTOLOGY INTERMEDIATE CELLS PARABASAL CELLS

DIESTRUS • PSEUDOPREGNANCY (pseudocyesis): – A prolonged diestrus – Animal may show signs of pregnancy: • Nesting behavior • Mammary enlargement – Lactation in extreme cases • Clinical signs fade with time

THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: ANESTRUS • ANESTRUS: Follows diestrus and ends with the onset of proestrus; criteria vary – First time plasma progesterone reaches a level below 3 nmol/L – The moment that the influence of progesterone on the endometrium is no longer evident. • Cytologic signs of anestrus: – Samples are almost acellular – The cells present are parabasal cells and small intermediate cells. • Duration of anestrus: Avg. : ~4. 5 mths.

THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: THE QUEEN • Onset of puberty: 6 -9 mths • Female cats are seasonally polyestrous – Cycle controlled by the photoperiod and body weight • 12 -14 hours of light and 2. 5 kgs – In the absence of ovulation or pregnancy, repeated estrous cycles occur every 10 -14 days

THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: PROESTRUS in the queen • PROESTRUS: The period of follicular development, but refusal to mate – Physical signs of proestrus: • Owner may notice increased affection • No vulvar swelling or vaginal discharge in cats – Hormonal signs of proestrus: • Characterized by increasing serum estrogen concentrations – Cytologic signs of proestrus: • Epithelial cells become cornified – Duration of proestrus: 1 -2 days

THE NORMAL ESTROUS CYCLE: ESTRUS in the queen • ESTRUS: The period of sexual receptivity and follicle maturation – Physical signs of estrus: • Queen allows copulation • Extreme affection (head rubbing, vocalization, crouching of the thoracic limbs with rigid extension of the pelvic limbs, lordosis, lateral deviation of the tail) – Hormonal signs of estrus: • Peak serum concentrations of estrogen – Cytologic signs of estrus: • Maximum vaginal epithelium cornification • Duration of estrus: 7 -9 days

ESTRUS • Cats are known to be “induced ovulators” – Ovulation of the mature follicle occurs as a result of stimulation of the vagina and cervix during mating http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l 6 Az. Smko. X_g&feature=fvw

Erection and Mating

Mating • Queens call or vocalize (low moaning sound) – Owners may think a sign of illness • During mating – Tom bites neck female – With erection penis faces forward – Only lasts 30 seconds to 5 minutes – As male dismounts female gives a loud copulatory call and Tom retreats – Mating occurs 6 - 7 times until queen declines – May occur for up to 4 days

Cat Mating

FRIENDSHIP “Friendship is like peeing on yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings. ”

PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

PREGNANCY • PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: – Palpation (~days 21 -30): ‘walnuts’ – Hormone assay – Ultrasonography: 18 -20 days past the LH peak – Radiography (~day 45 after LH peak) distinct gestational sacs average 1. 5 -3. 5 cm between days 28 -32 of pregnancy

PREGNANCY buy 16 -40 tests (depending on how many you run at once) for $240 (one year shelf life). If you only test dogs occasionally, then the price is pretty high. . . how about ultrasound. Witness Relaxin 5 Tests/box Room temperature storage 10 minute running time Cost $78/5 tests

Ultrasound • • • 25 days 49 55 Optimum: 33 – 45 days 200 beats/min

Pregnancy-related event Number of days after ovulation Number of days after fertile mating Onset of estrus -6 to +3 First of multiple matings -7 to +5 -12 to 0 Fertile mating -5 to +5 0 Ovulation 0 -5 to +5 Fertilization 2 to 5 0 to 7 Vaginal cornification reduced 5 to 7 0 to 12 Embryo attachment to uterus 14 to 16 9 to 21 Vesicles visible with ultrasound 15 to 17 10 to 22 Palpable 1 centimeter swellings 20 to 22 15 to 27 Fetal heartbeat visible (ultrasound) 22 to 23 17 to 28 Uterine swelling visible on X-ray 28 to 30 23 to 35 Palpability of swellings reduced 30 to 32 25 to 37 Earliest X-ray pregnancy diagnosis 43 to 45 39 to 50 Fetal pelvis visible on X-ray 51 to 55 46 to 60 Fetal teeth visible on X-ray 56 to 61 51 to 66 Whelping 62 to 64 57 to 69

Pregnant?

PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS

PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS http: //www. dogbreedinfo. com/whelpingphotos. htm

PREGNANCY • GESTATION: the period of pregnancy – DOGS: 59 -68 – CATS: 56 -69 • THREE STAGES OF LABOR: – 1 ST: uterine contractions – 2 nd: delivery of the newborn – 3 rd: delivery of the placenta • Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered alternately

PREGNANCY • SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION: – Nesting behavior: 12 -24 hours before – Inappetance – Panting, shivering – Drop in rectal temperature ~24 -48 hours before partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone): <98°

PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent uterine contractions with no sign of abdominal straining – Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue through stage I – Cervix dilates – Avg: 4 hrs (can last up to 36 hours)

STAGE I http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Hd 8 Bo 1 qc 54 A&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ptc 6 RMBii. Pw&feature=related http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=s. N 0 W_e. PUs. Uc&NR=1

PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II: delivery of the newborn – Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above – Passing of fetal fluids – Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal contractions (3 -6 hours but, may be as long as 24 hours total) • 1 st fetus usually delivered within 4 hours • Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord • 20 minutes to 1 hour per puppy but, no more than 2 hours should elapse between each puppy born. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=zvkf 0 VDUv 6 c

PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING SIGNS – The bitch should be examined by a vet for the following reasons: • Greenish discharge, but no pup is born within 2 -4 hrs • Fetal fluid passed more than 2 -3 hrs previously, but nothing more has happened • If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than 2 -4 hours • If she has had strong, regular straining for more than 20 -30 minutes, but no pup born • More than 2 -4 hours have passed since the birth of the last puppy and more remain • If she has been in stage II for more than 12 hours

PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE II – Interval between births • Usually 5 -120 minutes – Partuition should never be allowed to last more than 24 hours

PREGNANCY • LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta – pup-placenta-pup-placenta or pup-placenta-placenta – Usually follows within 15 minutes of each fetus – Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be associated with vomiting and diarrhea – Lochia – greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more

PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

PEOPLE “Everyone has a photographic memory, it’s just that some people don’t have film. ”

Dystocia: Caution 1) Labor does not begin when expected 2) Stage 2 labor lasts 1 hour without delivery 3) 1 -2 hours have elapsed between deliveries 4) The dam or neonates show signs of distress, including stillbirth 5) Green-black discharge without immediate delivery 6) A significant hemorrhagic vaginal discharge Delivery should occur within 12 to 24 hours of the onset of firststage labor.

PREGNANCY • DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance • Incidence: 5%: bitches; 3 -5. 8% queens – Causes: • Maternal (Common) – Uterine inertia (weak contractions) • Fetal – Oversize – Death – Abnormal position – Diagnosis: • Digital palpation of vagina • Radiographs • ultrasound Chihuahua

PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA • TREATMENT: – Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal can be manually dislodged. – For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given – C-section

PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR • DAM SHOULD: – Allow nursing – Grooming • Stimulate CV, RS function • Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material – retrieving – Protecting • DAM SHOULD NOT: – Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young – Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS • Agalactia: lack of milk production – Causes include; • Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection • Galactostasis: milk stasis, which can result in mastitis • Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary gland – Clinical signs: • Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed glands

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS • Treatment for mastitis: – Antibiotics – Warm compresses – Do not allow nursing from affected glands

OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: • PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the uterus” – High levels of progesterone cause several changes in the uterus: better site for microbes • hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial glands of the uterus: secondary to “ Cystic endometrial hyperplasia” • Decreased myometrial contractions • Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection – Most common bacteria isolated is E. coli

PYOMETRA • CLINICAL SIGNS: – – – Vulvar discharge Vomiting Dehydration PU/PD Azotemia • DIAGNOSIS: – Radiology – Ultrasound – Bloodwork • Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift (closed pyometra)

PYOMETRA This is a potentially life-threatening condition

PYOMETRA An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and allows drainage Of the pus: also be seen with administration of : estradiol cypionate (uterine cells make more receptors to progesterone): open pyometra or aplastic anemia Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy

PYOMETRA IN A RAT . . P 10021 A. jpg C: UsersBUNNYApp. DataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesLowContent. IE 5C 9 I 4 F 8 D 5P 10021 B[1]. jpg

VAGINITIS • Definition: an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious. Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis) VS. Adult vaginitis

VAGINITIS • PUPPY VAGINITIS – Causes: • Inverted vulva • Hormonal fluctuations – Clinical signs: • Purulent vulvar discharge • +/- licking the vulva – Treatments: • systemic antibiotics • topical douching – Signs will return when treatment is discontinued – Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle

VAGINITIS Inverted vulva

VAGINITIS • ADULT VAGINITIS – Causes: • Anatomical abnormalities • Canine herpesvirus – Clinical signs: • • purulent vulvar discharge +/- licking the vulva peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection Perceived urinary incontinence

VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE • Hyperplasia/prolapse – Occurs under the influence of estrogen • Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from the vulva • Treatment: – Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition permanently and is the tx of choice – Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur with subsequent estrous cycles

VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE

MAMMARY TUMORS • Usually tumors of older intact females – ~50% of all tumors in female dogs – 3 rd most common tumor in cats • Risk dramatically reduces with ovariohysterectomy (<1% if spayed before 1 st heat) • 50% of canine tumors are benign – Only 10 -20% of feline tumors are benign

MAMMARY TUMORS Malignant tumors are usually fast growing, Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors are Often small and feel like a pea. Surgical removal is advised for all Mammary tumors. Biopsy is required To differentiate benign from malignant tumors

OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY • Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus http: //www. lbah. com/canine/spay. html

PEOPLE “I love long walks, especially when they’re taken by someone who annoys me. ”

PROSTATIC DISEASES • PROSTATE: Sex gland in the dog and cat – Located just caudal to the bladder, encircling the proximal urethra at the neck of the bladder – Purpose is to produce a fluid as transport and support medium for sperm during ejaculation

PROSTATIC DISEASE

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA • Caused by altered androgen/estrogen ratio – Mild or no clinical signs • Tenesmus • Enlarged prostate but not painful • TX: – Castration results in a 70% decrease in size within 14 days

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA

PROSTATITIS • Bacterial prostatitis may be acute or chronic and it affects sexually mature dogs – Clinical signs: • Lethargy • Anorexia – Diagnosis: • Urinalysis: hematuria, increased white blood cells, presence of bacteria – Treatment: • Antibiotics • Castration • Prostatitis can lead to abscessation

NEOPLASIA of the male genital tract • Prostatic neoplasia is uncommon, but all prostatic neoplasms are malignant • Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) – Occurs only in the canine – Spreads during sexual contact – Tumors found on the penis, prepuce, and scrotum • Cauliflower-like – Treatment: • Chemotherapy • Surgical removal of small localized masses

TVT These tumors are friable and bleed easily

CRYPTORCHIDISM • One or both testicles have been retained in the abdomen or inguinal canal – Often the retained testicle is still functional • Dog can still produce testoterone, show sexual desire and breed • A testicular tumor known as sertoli cell tumor is more common in retained testicles • These animal should not be bred

CRYPTORCHIDISM Two normal testicles Unilateral cryptorchid Treatment is castration – testicle Should be removed from the Abdomen or pushed down from The inguinal canal

CASTRATION http: //www. lbah. com/canine/dog_neuter. html

Common questions - canine

References • Alleice Summers, Common Diseases of Companion Animals • http: //www. vet. uga. edu/vpp/clerk/Beimborn/in dex. php • http: //veterinarycalendar. dvm 360. com/avhc/art icle/article. Detail. jsp? id=727396&page. ID=1&s k=&date= • http: //www. vetmed. lsu. edu/eiltslotus/Therioge nology-5361/the_normal_canine. htm

References • http: //extension. missouri. edu/p/G 9923 • http: //www. tc. umn. edu/~rootk 001/repro_phar m_article. pdf • www. vin. com • www. vetmed. wisc. edu/data/coursematerial/bos u/CR-lecture 1 and 2. pdf • www. ansci. wisc. edu/jjp 1/as 434/powerpoint/fa 07/lec 26_07. ppt

References • www. tc. umn. edu/~rootk 001/repro_pharm_arti cle. pdf