Скачать презентацию Prof NGUYEN QUANG Ph D CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Скачать презентацию Prof NGUYEN QUANG Ph D CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

74f3f2bf628a3ae1ecdf8bfd8be99c4a.ppt

  • Количество слайдов: 91

Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) BACKGROUND CONCEPTS Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) BACKGROUND CONCEPTS

WHAT CULTURE? Food Language Communication Style Appearance Perceptions Beliefs Values Attitudes WHAT CULTURE? Food Language Communication Style Appearance Perceptions Beliefs Values Attitudes

customs: dating customs No Information given In the vietnamese culture A U S R customs: dating customs No Information given In the vietnamese culture A U S R N 1 Young men and women go to parties/ social events together, which means they are in serious relationship. 2 In their mid-teen (around the ages of 14 or 15), boys and girls start their dates. 3 It is men who ask women on date, not women. 4 It is acceptable if people at the age of 18 stay overnight at their dates’ house. 5 The man, not the woman goes to collect his date at her home. 6 The children’s dates are of the parents’ concern. Brief notes to explain

No In the vietnamese culture Information given A 7 It is the fact that No In the vietnamese culture Information given A 7 It is the fact that if someone brings his/her date home and introduces him/her to the parents, which means they have a serious relationship. 8 It is men who pay for expenses on dates. 9 It is normal if people kiss each other in public. 10 People date with many people before setting up a long -term and serious relationship. 11 It is normal if female drinks alcohol on a date. 12 Men should be a little bit earlier on dates than women. U S R Brief notes to explain N

customs: dating customs No Information given In the american culture A 1 U Young customs: dating customs No Information given In the american culture A 1 U Young man and women go to parties/ social event together, which means they are in serious relationship. v 2 In their mid-teen (around the ages of 14 or 15), boys and girls start their dates. 3 It is men who ask women on date, not women. 4 It is acceptable if people at the age of 18 stay overnight v at their dates’ house. v 5 The man, not the woman goes to collect his date at her v home. v v 6 The children’s dates are of the parents’ concern. S v R N Brief notes to explain

In the american culture No 7 Information given A U v It is the In the american culture No 7 Information given A U v It is the fact that if someone brings his/her date home and introduces him/her to the parents, which means they have a serious relationship. v 8 It is men who pay for expenses on dates. v 9 10 v v v It is normal if people kiss each other in public. People date with many people before setting up a long-term and serious relationship. v 11 It is normal if female drinks alcohol on a date. v 12 Men should be a little bit earlier on dates than women. S v R N Brief notes to explain

Household budget management M. I: Common cash M. II: Separate cash M. III: Mine-Yours-Ours Household budget management M. I: Common cash M. II: Separate cash M. III: Mine-Yours-Ours Which model would you prefer? Why? M. IV: Wife-controled M. V: Husband-controled

Same or different? Work in group to discuss the situations described below and decide Same or different? Work in group to discuss the situations described below and decide what would happen in similar situations in the Vietnamese culture. Same Situations 1 When people are invited to a party, they often take a bottle of wine or even bottles of beer. 2 When invited to a dinner party, people usually arrive within fifteen minutes of the appointed time. 3 At a formal party, people don’t wait to be introduced. They introduce themselves. 4 When people are being introduced, they try to make direct eye contact with the other person. 5 After a formal introduction people often use titles until they are asked to use first names. 6 People shake hands when they meet other people for the first time, but not every time they see them after that. 7 Male and female friends may kiss each other on the cheek if they see each other after a long time, or even each time they meet. Different

WHAT COMMUNICATION? COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION INTRALANGUAGE - Vocabulary - Grammatical rules - Phonetic rules WHAT COMMUNICATION? COMMUNICATION VERBAL COMMUNICATION INTRALANGUAGE - Vocabulary - Grammatical rules - Phonetic rules - Rules of laguage use -. . . NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION PARALANGUAGE - Vocal chracteristics + Pitch + Volume + Rate + Vocal quality - Types of vocal flow - Vocal interferences - Silence/Pauses -. . . BODY LANGUAGE - Eye contact - Facial expressions - Physical characteristics - Gestures - Postures - Body movements - Touch/Haptics/Tactile -. . . OBJECT LANGUAGE - Clothing - Jewellery/Accessories - Make-up - Perfume/Artificial scents - Flowers - Gifts - … WHAT COMMUNICATION? EXTRALANGUAGE Nguyen Quang (1999) ENVIRONMENTAL LANGUAGE - Setting - Conversational distance/ Proxemics - Time/Chronemics - Lighting system - Colour - Heat/Humidity/Ventilation - …

SAFE AND UNSAFE TOPICS Work in groups of four or five students. Are the SAFE AND UNSAFE TOPICS Work in groups of four or five students. Are the questions considered to be safe or not when you meet someone for the first time in an English-speaking country. Please, explain your answer. Then, compare with the Vietnamese culture. QUESTIONS SAFE UNSAFE 1. What does your husband do? 2. Do you believe in God? 3. How much money do you earn? 4. How many children do you have? 5. Why aren’t you married? 6. Why don’t you have children? 7. Do you like sports? 8. How old are you? 9. Are you a Democrat or a Republican? 10. How much was your watch? 11. Why don’t you work? 12. Are you from Britain? 13. Do you work down town? 14. What did your father do for living?

Good manners (From Zanger, V. V. , 1993) Situations in Vietnam 1 Imagine that Good manners (From Zanger, V. V. , 1993) Situations in Vietnam 1 Imagine that you are invited to a small dinner to celebrate the graduation of a good friend. Do you bring along something to eat or drink? (What should it be, if the answer is ‘yes’? ) 2 You bring your friend a gift for his graduation. Will he open it during the party? 3 At the party, your friend introduces you to his cousin, a woman doctor who is about 30 years old. Do you call her by her first name? 4 Your friend’s cousin invites you to a party at her house next week, but you know that you will be busy then. Do you tell her you will come anyway, just to be polite? 5 Do you ask your host for a drink if you are thirsty? 6 Do you light up a cigarette if you feel like smoking? 7 Your friend has a very nice house. Do you ask him how Yes No Explain

Good manners (From Zanger, V. V. , 1993) Situations in Vietnam 8 Dinner is Good manners (From Zanger, V. V. , 1993) Situations in Vietnam 8 Dinner is served and everyone sits down. Do you begin to eat? 9 The food is delicious, but you are not really hungry. Do you eat anyway, just to be polite. 1 0 One of the dishes is wonderful, and you would like to try a little more. Do you ask for it? 1 1 If your host asks you if you want more to eat, do you first say no, just to be polite? 1 2 After dinner, do you help your host take the dishes out to the kitchen, to be polite? 1 3 After eating, everyone leaves the table to relax. Are you shocked when your host sits down and puts his feet up on a nearby chair? 1 4 Several days after the party, you want to tell your friend what a good time you had. Would you stop by his house without calling first? Yes No Explain

Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) VERBAL COMMUNICATION Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) VERBAL COMMUNICATION

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 1 Notice, attend to H (his interest, wants, needs, goods) ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . You must be thirsty. How about some orange juice? . You've got a beautiful watch. Must be very expensive, heh? . Chắc là cậu khát lắm nhỉ. Làm tí nước cam nhé? . Đồng hồ của cậu đẹp thế. Chắc đắt lắm nhỉ? STRATEGY 2 Exaggerate interest, approval, sympathy with H ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . Oh, yeah, you’re perfectly right about it. . Oh, yeah, you’ re perfectly right about it. . You're such a genius!. You're such genius! . Về chuyện này thì cậu cực kì đúng. . Cậu đúng là thiên tài. STRATEGY 3 Intensify interest to H ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . I come down the stairs, and what do you think I see? A huge . I come down the stairs, and what see? A huge mess all over the place, the phone's off the hook and clothes are all over. . Tớ lao ngay xuống cầu thang. Rồi cậu biết tớ thấy cái gì không? Đồ đạc thì vứt bừa bãi khắp nơi, điện thoại thì treo lủng lẳng, quần áo thì ném lung tung.

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 4 Use in-group identity markers ENGLISH. Let's clean up the kitchen, will you? . Let's. Yes, but we shouldn't forget that ----- VIETNAMESE. Bọn mình dọn bếp đi. . Vâng, nhưng chúng ta cũng không nên quên rằng . Vâng, nhưng chúng ta cũng không nên quên ----- STRATEGY 5 Seek agreement ENGLISH A. I'm an MU fan. B. Oh, yeah? Me too. VIETNAMESE A. Tôi là cổ động viên của Manchester. . B. Thế a? Tôi cũng thế. STRATEGY 6 Avoid disagreement ENGLISH A. Can you hear me? B. Barely. VIETNAMESE A. Cậu có nghe rõ mình nói không? B. Cũng tàm tạm.

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 7 Presuppose/Raise/Assert common ground ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . We both are surely hungry now. Let me get something to eat. . Chắc là cả hai đứa mình đều đói rồi. Để tớ kiếm cái gì ăn đã. STRATEGY 8 Joke ENGLISH. OK if I tackle those cookies now? . OK if I tackle cookies now? VIETNAMESE. Để tớ xử lí mấy cái bánh này nhé? STRATEGY 9 Assert or presuppose S's knowledge of or concern for H's wants ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . I know you love roses but the florist didn't have any more, so I roses bought you some daisies instead. . Anh biết em rất thích hoa hồng, nhưng ngoài hàng lại hết mất Anh biết em rất thích hoa hồng, nhưng ngoài hàng lại hết mất rồi nên anh đành phải mua mấy bông cúc vậy rồi nên anh đành phải mua mấy bông cúc

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 10 Offer/Promise ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . Take it easy. I'll help you. . Take it easy. I'll you. . Không sao đâu. Tớ sẽ giúp cậu. STRATEGY 11 Be optimistic ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . I'm sure you won't mind if I borrow your bike. . I'm Này, tớ lấy xe cậu phóng ra đây một tí. STRATEGY 12 Include both S and H in the activity ENGLISH. Let's have some cookies, then. VIETNAMESE. Vậy thì ta làm mấy cái bánh nhé.

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 13 Give (or ask for) reasons ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . Why don't you come and have a cup of tea? . Why you come and have a cup of tea? . Sao ông không qua tôi trà lá cho vui? STRATEGY 14 Assume or assert reciprocity ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . I'll give you some money if you promise not to tell it to anyone. . Tớ sẽ có quà cho cậu nếu cậu hứa không nói với ai chuyện này. STRATEGY 15 Give gifts to H ENGLISH. I’ve just been out shopping. Here’s hot dog for you. Like it? . I’ ve just been out shopping. Here’ VIETNAMESE. Mình vừa đi chợ về. Có xúc xích cho cậu đây. Thích không?

POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your POSITIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 16 Comfort and encourage ENGLISH. Oh, I'm sorry to hear that. VIETNAMESE. Khổ quá nhỉ. Khổ quá STRATEGY 17 Ask personal questions ENGLISH. Are you married or single? . Are you married single? . How much do you earn a month? . How earn a month? VIETNAMESE. Cậu đã có gia đình chưa? . Lương lậu có được không?

NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 1 Be conventionally indirect ENGLISH . Why for God's sake are you painting your house purple? VIETNAMESE. Tại sao đang yên đang lành anh lại sơn nhà mầu tím thế này? STRATEGY 2 Question/Hedge ENGLISH. I rather think it's hopeless. . I wonder if you could possibly ----. I if you could possibly ----- VIETNAMESE. Tôi cũng có nghĩ là chuyện ấy có lẽ cũng vô vọng thôi. . Tôi không hiểu anh có thể ----- đ ược không? STRATEGY 3 Be pessimistic ENGLISH. I don't suppose you could type this report for me. . I could type this report for me. VIETNAMESE. Có lẽ chị bận quá nên không thể đánh máy báo cáo này cho tôi được đâu nhỉ?

NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 4 Minimise the imposition ENGLISH. I just want to ask you if I can borrow this paper. VIETNAMESE Tôi muốn hỏi xem liệu tôi có thể mượn tờ báo này được không? STRATEGY 5 Give deference ENGLISH. Excuse me. Could you tell me the time please? . Excuse me. Could VIETNAMESE. Phiền anh có thể cho biết bây giờ là mấy giờ không ạ? STRATEGY 6 Apologise ENGLISH. I normally wouldn't ask you this, but ----. I’m terribly sorry, but ----. I’m sorry, but ----- VIETNAMESE. Thường thì tôi cũng không dám phiền anh chuyện này, nhưng ----. Tôi rất xin lỗi, nhưng -----

NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 7 Impersonalise S and H ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . One shouldn't do such a thing. . Người ta không nên làm những chuyện như vậy. STRATEGY 8 State the FTA as a general rule ENGLISH VIETNAMESE . We don't beat about the bush in business discussions. We go don't straight to the point. Right? . Trong bàn luận công việc, ta không nói quanh co. Ta phải đi Trong bàn luận công việc, ta không nói quanh phải đi thẳng vào vấn đề. Đúng không nào? STRATEGY 9 Nominalise ENGLISH. It is my pleasure to be able to inform you that -----. . It is pleasure to be able to inform you that -----. VIETNAMESE. Đây là niềm vui của tôi khi được thông báo với ông rằng -----

NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your NEGATIVE POLITENESS STRATEGIES SITUATION: You are talking to a colleague of yours in your office STRATEGY 10 Go on record as incurring a debt or not indebting H ENGLISH . I'd be grateful if you would ----. I'd if you would ----- VIETNAMESE . Tôi sẽ rất biết ơn nếu anh có thể ----- STRATEGY 11 Avoid asking personal questions ENGLISH ----- VIETNAMESE -----

Positive or negative utterances John, could you open the door, please? My hands are Positive or negative utterances John, could you open the door, please? My hands are dirty. n Mary, let’s open the door. n How old are you, Hoa? n What would you like to drink? n Some lemon tea? I know you like it. n I know you like white coffee and this is one for you. n You have a beautiful watch. How much is it? n PP NP

Johari window Known to self Known to others Not known to self Open Hidden Johari window Known to self Known to others Not known to self Open Hidden Or blind secret unknown

The Open . # Work in pairs. # Include in the OPEN pane all The Open . # Work in pairs. # Include in the OPEN pane all the items of information about yourself that you feel free to share with your friend or loved one. # Discuss whether they are the same in the anglophone cultures

The secret # Work individually. # Include in the SECRET pane all the items The secret # Work individually. # Include in the SECRET pane all the items of information about yourself that you are unwilling to share with your friend or loved one. # Discuss whether they are the same in the Anglophone cultures.

The blind # Work in pairs # Include in the BLIND pane two items The blind # Work in pairs # Include in the BLIND pane two items of information about your partner that you are unwilling to share with him/her. # Discuss whether they are the same with other Vietnamese.

The unknown # Work in pairs. # Include in the UNKNOWN pane two items The unknown # Work in pairs. # Include in the UNKNOWN pane two items of information about yourselves in the English-speaking environment. # Fancy how you would cope with them. # Discuss whether they are the same with other Vietnamese and with native speakers of English.

Conversation structures Bowling style (Levine & Adelman, 1993) Conversation structures Bowling style (Levine & Adelman, 1993)

HIGH CONTEXT CULTURES JAPANESE INFORMATIO N IMPLICITLY RECEIVED VIETNAMESE ARABIC LATIN AMERICAN ITALIAN ENGLISH HIGH CONTEXT CULTURES JAPANESE INFORMATIO N IMPLICITLY RECEIVED VIETNAMESE ARABIC LATIN AMERICAN ITALIAN ENGLISH FRENCH NORTH AMERICAN SCANDINAVIAN (EXCEPT FINLAND) GERMAN LOW CONTEXT CULTURES SWISS-GERMAN INFORMATIO N EXPLICITLY CONVEYED

A-A-A pattern A. Greeting B. Greeting A. Asking a question? A. Answering Adding Asking A-A-A pattern A. Greeting B. Greeting A. Asking a question? A. Answering Adding Asking B. Answering Adding Asking A. Answering Adding Asking B. . . . A. or B. Closing and farewell B. Farewell

American conversational style Situations Americans don’t appreciate a person who dominates a conversation Americans American conversational style Situations Americans don’t appreciate a person who dominates a conversation Americans listen politely until the other person has finished talking Interrupting someone who is speaking is considered rude in the U. S. Even children are taught explicitly not to interrupt Silence in a conversation is uncomfortable and is often interpreted as disapproval, disagreement or unsuccessful communication True False Explain

Addressing systems English Addressing system n n n n n Title alone (T) Title Addressing systems English Addressing system n n n n n Title alone (T) Title plus Last Name (TLN) Last name alone (LN) First name (FN): * Full form * Diminutive * +y (a) Terms of Endearment (TE) Multiple Names (MN) Kinship Term (KT) Kinship Term with First Name (KFN) Neutral dyad I-YOU (ND) Address Form Avoidance (AFA)

Vietnamese Addressing system Circular Relationship (CR) Ông/Bà Cô Cô Bác Ông/Bà Bác Cô/Chú Anh/Chị Vietnamese Addressing system Circular Relationship (CR) Ông/Bà Cô Cô Bác Ông/Bà Bác Cô/Chú Anh/Chị I YOU Em Em Cháu/Con Cháu/Con

Horisontal Relationship-Type I (HR-I) Ai Mình/Ta Mình Người ta Đây Đằng này Tớ Tớ Horisontal Relationship-Type I (HR-I) Ai Mình/Ta Mình Người ta Đây Đằng này Tớ Tớ Given name Mình Tớ Tớ Tớ Mình Tôi Tao Ai Ta/Mình Người ta Mình Đấy Đằng ấy Mình Given name Ấy Cậu Cậu Mày I YOU

Horisontal Relationship-Type II (HR-II) Tôi Chức danh Cụ Tôi Ông/Bà Tôi Bác Tôi Cô/Chú Horisontal Relationship-Type II (HR-II) Tôi Chức danh Cụ Tôi Ông/Bà Tôi Bác Tôi Cô/Chú Tôi Anh/Chị I YOU Kinship terms above “Ego"

Dynamic Relationship-Type I (DR-I) Tôi Chức danh Em/Cháu Dynamic Relationship-Type I (DR-I) Tôi Chức danh Em/Cháu

Dynamic Relationship-Type II (DR-II) Anh/Chị/Cô/Bác/Ông/Bà/Cụ Tôi (I) Title (you) Em/Cháu/Con Dynamic Relationship-Type II (DR-II) Anh/Chị/Cô/Bác/Ông/Bà/Cụ Tôi (I) Title (you) Em/Cháu/Con

Dynamic Relationship-Type III (DR-III) B¸c ¤ng/Bµ Cô Cô ¤ng/Bµ B¸c Bè/MÑ C «/D×/Chó/CËu Anh/ChÞ Dynamic Relationship-Type III (DR-III) B¸c ¤ng/Bµ Cô Cô ¤ng/Bµ B¸c Bè/MÑ C «/D×/Chó/CËu Anh/ChÞ You I Em Em Ch¸u/Con Con Ch¸u/Con Ch¸u/Con

CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS Pragmatic force Neutralisation familialisation Familiarity equality respect & solidarity English - I-YOU CROSS-CULTURAL AWARENESS Pragmatic force Neutralisation familialisation Familiarity equality respect & solidarity English - I-YOU dyad - K & KF (used among family members) - Terms of endearment I-YOU dyad - - T -- TLN - - 0 - Vietnamese 0 - CR (widely used) - DR-III - HR-I - Terms of endearment - HR-II -- DR-II - - HR-II - - DR-I -

Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Prof. NGUYEN QUANG (Ph. D. ) NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

What nonverbal communication? NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION (Nonverbal communication) PARALANGUAGE EXTRALANGUAGE BODY LANGUAGE - Vocal characteristics: What nonverbal communication? NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION (Nonverbal communication) PARALANGUAGE EXTRALANGUAGE BODY LANGUAGE - Vocal characteristics: + Pitch + Volume + Rate + Vocal quality - Types of vocal flow - Vocal interferences - Silence/Pauses -. . . - Eye contact - Facial expressions - Physical characteristics - Gestures - Postures - Body movements - Touch /Haptics /Tactile -. . . OBJECT LANGUAGE - Clothing - Jewellery /Accessories - Make-up - Perfume/ Artificial scents - Gift - Flowers. . . [Nguyen Quang] ENVIRONMENTAL LANGUAGE - Setting - Conversational distance/ Proxemics - Time/ Chronemics - Lighting system - Colour - Heat -. . .

WHAT PARALANGUAGE? Paralanguage is the total sum of all vocal nonverbal cues found in WHAT PARALANGUAGE? Paralanguage is the total sum of all vocal nonverbal cues found in communication. It is used mostly for the expression of the how rather than the what of communication. Nguyen Quang (2002)

VOCAL CHARACTERISTICS Vocal characteristics Pitch Volume Rate Vocal quality VOCAL CHARACTERISTICS Vocal characteristics Pitch Volume Rate Vocal quality

Types of vocal flow 1. Wavy-Thick: 2. Wavy-Thin Types of vocal flow 1. Wavy-Thick: 2. Wavy-Thin

3. Softer-Louder: 4. Louder-Softer: 3. Softer-Louder: 4. Louder-Softer:

5. Flat-Thick: 6. Flat-Thin: 5. Flat-Thick: 6. Flat-Thin:

7. Continuous rise: 8. Continuous fall: 7. Continuous rise: 8. Continuous fall:

9. Sharp-Thick: 10. Sharp-Thin: 9. Sharp-Thick: 10. Sharp-Thin:

silence n n One can utter words without saying anything. (Searle, 1962: 24) It silence n n One can utter words without saying anything. (Searle, 1962: 24) It is not the case that the man who is silent says nothing. (Greek proverb) n Silence is also speech. (African proverb) n Speech is silver but silence is golden. (Polish proverb) n It is better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to open your mouth and remove all doubt. (English proverb) n A man of many words has little refinement. (Japanese proverb)

Silence and fillers n n “Interactive silences, or pauses, are products of the interaction Silence and fillers n n “Interactive silences, or pauses, are products of the interaction itself and can communicate various messages about the relationship between two interactants. ” (Richmond & Mc. Croskey, 2000) “Silence is an indispensable component of human communication without which the proper decoding of the information would be impossible. ” (Larweczka, 2002)

MEANINGS OF SILENCE POSITIVE SILENCE promoting, solidifying or maintaining the existing relationship MEANINGS OF SILENCE POSITIVE SILENCE promoting, solidifying or maintaining the existing relationship

MEANINGS OF SILENCE isolating, ignoring, disagreeing, etc. which would destroy or melt away the MEANINGS OF SILENCE isolating, ignoring, disagreeing, etc. which would destroy or melt away the existing good will of interaction NEGATIVE SILENCE

MEANINGS OF SILENCE NEUTRAL SILENCE Both negative and positive values of silence exist MEANINGS OF SILENCE NEUTRAL SILENCE Both negative and positive values of silence exist

FUNCTIONS OF SILENCE FACE-SAVING AFFECTING EVALUATING 1 saving face, concealing things or being covert FUNCTIONS OF SILENCE FACE-SAVING AFFECTING EVALUATING 1 saving face, concealing things or being covert in public 2 3 healing, wounding, solidifying, or to weakening an existing relationship providing judgments of another’s behavior (character, motives and personality), or showing favor or disfavor, assent or dissent

FUNCTIONS LINKAGE HIDING ACTIVATING 4 binding people together, separating or isolating someone from others FUNCTIONS LINKAGE HIDING ACTIVATING 4 binding people together, separating or isolating someone from others 5 hiding information revealing feelings attitudes 6 but and making a hint that somebody continue or stop doing something

SILENCE ACROSS CULTURES n Availability n Proportion n Manifestation SILENCE ACROSS CULTURES n Availability n Proportion n Manifestation

SILENCE ACROSS CULTURES 90 81% 77% 80 66 66% 70 60 52% Western Europe SILENCE ACROSS CULTURES 90 81% 77% 80 66 66% 70 60 52% Western Europe and North America 50 40 Eastern Asia 30 21% 19% 15% 20 10 2% 0 Facial expressions Gestures Touching behaviour Silence

How to classify body language Parts of the body Body language Origin Functions How to classify body language Parts of the body Body language Origin Functions

ACTIVITY + Work in groups of 3 GROUP DISCUSSION + Explain in details the ACTIVITY + Work in groups of 3 GROUP DISCUSSION + Explain in details the reasons of this Vietnamese woman’s reaction. + In your opinion, how should the man react? Why? I am an American businessman and now I am working in a development project in Vietnam. It is not easy to understand all these different cultures, especially, it is the first time I work in the intercultural environment in Vietnam. My first culture shock happened when I worked with my Vietnamese colleague. As usual, whenever sharing my ideas or listening to her, I often looked at her. However, she always avoided looking at me. Did she confuse when working with a man, especially a foreigner?

ACTIVITY: EYE CONTACT Look at these pictures. In your group, you should compare ACTIVITY: EYE CONTACT Look at these pictures. In your group, you should compare and discuss your answers to the following questions: n a. Based on these people’s gazez, what could you say about them? n b. Why do you think so? n c. Do you interpret these gazez in the same or different ways? Note that you can use the suggested words below to help you. Then get ready to demonstrate these eye contacts to the whole class. shifty shy strong confident dishonest determined cold sly sexy hard modest aggressive scared arrogant tired

DISCUSSION ACTIVITY + WORK IN GROUPS OF 3. + DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS DISCUSSION ACTIVITY + WORK IN GROUPS OF 3. + DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN YOUR GROUPS. + REPORT THE ANSWERS TO THE WHOLE CLASS v. Based on the facial expressions, what can you say about their attitudes? v. Why do you think so? v. Is your opinion same or different with other members’ in your group? You can use some of the suggested words. Then illustrate these expressions to your class members. perplexed serious suspicious confident anxious frightened thoughtful happy disapproving sad indifferent

ACTIVITY Answer these questions by putting a tick in the relevant box. Yes In ACTIVITY Answer these questions by putting a tick in the relevant box. Yes In Vietnam No It depends 1. Is it rude to stare at strangers/new colleagues/new classmate? 2. Do businessmen use lots of eye contact in business conversation? 3. Is it impolite for women to have eye contact with men in business? 4. Do employees/students avoid eye contact with their bosses/teachers? 5. Lack of eye contact means lack of respect or interest in conversations. * FURTHER DISCUSSION Do you have any questions or cultural tips/ reminders to share with the whole class ?

GESTURES ACTIVITY - No! - I don’t know. - After you. - He’s mad. GESTURES ACTIVITY - No! - I don’t know. - After you. - He’s mad. - Good luck! - I can’t hear you. - Relax! - Come here! + WORK IN GROUPS OF 3. + WITHOUT WORDS, NONVERBALLY COMMUNICATE THE FOLLOWING IDEAS. + DISCUSS VIETNAMESE-AMERICAN CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES. (The instructor is there to help you) - Stop it! - Sorry, it’s my fault. - Why on earth? - It’s boring. - I love you. - It’s O. K. - That’s enough. - Oh, I forgot!

… and hope y ou have h ad a huge time A big ‘Thank … and hope y ou have h ad a huge time A big ‘Thank you’