Processes Part 1 Processes Historical processes which

Processes Part 1

Processes Historical processes which have left their mark on the languages • Complete • Incomplete

Processes Historical processes which have left their mark on the languages • Complete – Consonant Singling: ladder latter written running follow – Initial kn and gn: know, knee, gnat

Processes Historical processes which have left their mark on the languages • Complete “Incomplete” • Incomplete but FINISHED! – FOOT-STRUT Split : butch, put, much, stuff, love, country cushion, discussion – BATH-TRAP Split: bath, math pass, mass

Wells Chapter 3 Middle English 1400 Wells 3. 1 Residualisms "The Great Divide" Wells 3. 2 British prestige innovations Wells 3. 4 Later British innvoations 1600 Wells 3. 3 Some American innvoations

Wells 1. 3. Residualisms • residue: remains, leavings, leyfar, eftirstöðvar • processes which are completed in most dialects, but have not have occurred in all

Wells: Residualisms • • • Great Vowel Shift NG Coalescence Velar Fricative Long Mid Mergers Fleece Merger

3. 1. 1. Great Vowel Shift

house tide sweet moon clean stone name

hús tíd swét móna clæn ´ nama stán

tide house sweet moon clean stone name

moon sweet clean tide name house stone

Effects of GVS 1. Spelling: relation of “long” and “short” vowels bit – bite, rat – rate, pen – green, rod – rode, cut - cute 2. Some words waver: privacy, patriot, lever 3. Morphology: divine, divinity, serene, serenity profane, profanity, national • Trisyllabic Shortening: stressed long vowel→ short /_CVCV 4. Various other relationships such as • bite-bitten, divide-division, keep-kept 5. Dialectally: difference between GVS North and South

Great Vowel Shift: South

Great Vowel Shift: North

also called “G Deletion” Orangutan? • Not in Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool • Hypercorrections: loss in finger, longer • Generalised NG coalescence in parts of Scotland Ulster • Variably generalised in certain words elsewhere: English, language etc

• right eight brought daughter through < riht eahta broht dohtor þurh • borough Edinburh, cough rough laugh • Sometimes causes lengthening • Some retension in Traditional-dialect; but the local accent with the standard form usually exists.

http: //www. hi. is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/Long. Mid. Mergers. html

tide sweet clean name

sweet clean tide name

Click for Processes Part 2