Principles of Electricity Copyright 2014 SAP

Principles of Electricity Copyright 2014 © SAP

ELECTRICITY • Electricity is a form of energy that, when in motion, exhibits magnetic, chemical, or thermal effects. • Electricity is a flow of electrons, which are negatively charged subatomic particles.

ELECTRICITY A. Electric Current – Flow of electricity along a conductor B. Conductor – Any substance, material, or medium that conducts electricity C. Insulator (Nonconductor) – – Rubber Wood Glass Cement

ELECTRICITY D. Complete Circuit – The path of an electric current from the generating source through conductors back to its original source

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT A. Direct Current (DC) – Constant, even-flowing current, traveling in one direction B. Alternating Current (AC) – Rapid, interrupted current flowing in one direction then in the opposite direction C. Converters – Used to change direct current into alternating current D. Rectifiers – Used to change alternating current into direct current

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Electrical Measurements – Volt – Ampere (AM-peer) – Milliampere (mil-ee-AM -peer) – Ohm – Watt – Kilowatt Figure 7 -16 Figure 7 -17

Ohm • • The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm. Although several empirically derived standard units for expressing electrical resistance were developed in connection with early telegraphy practice, the British Association for the Advancement of Science proposed a unit derived from existing units of mass, length and time and of a convenient size for practical work as early as 1861. The definition of the "ohm" unit was revised several times. Today the value of the ohm is expressed in terms of the quantum Hall effect. The ohm is defined as a resistance between two points of a conductor.

AMP • The ampere (SI unit symbol: A), often shortened to amp, is the SI unit of electric current (dimension symbol: I) and is one of the seven SI base units. It is named after André-Marie Ampère (1775– 1836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. • An ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or current in an electrical conductor. One ampere of current represents one coulomb of electrical charge (6. 24 x 1018 charge carriers) moving past a specific point in one second. Physicists consider current to flow from relatively positive points to relatively negative points; this is called conventional current or Franklin current.

Watt • The watt (symbol: W) is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units (SI), named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736– 1819). The unit is defined as joule per second[1] and can be used to express the rate of energy conversion or transfer with respect to time. It has dimensions of L 2 MT− 3.

Want More 411? • • • The terms power and energy are frequently confused. Power is the rate at which energy is generated or consumed and hence is measured in units (e. g. watts) that represent 'energy per unit time'. For example, when a light bulb with a power rating of 100 W is turned on for one hour, the energy used is 100 watt hours (W·h), 0. 1 kilowatt hour, or 360 k. J. This same amount of energy would light a 40 -watt bulb for 2. 5 hours, or a 50 -watt bulb for 2 hours. A power station would be rated in multiples of watts, but its annual energy sales would be in multiples of watt hours. A kilowatt hour is the amount of energy equivalent to a steady power of 1 kilowatt running for 1 hour, or 3. 6 MJ (1000 watts × 3600 seconds (i. e. , 60 seconds per minute × 60 minutes per hour) = 3, 600, 000 joules = 3. 6 MJ). Terms such as watts per hour are often misused when watts would be correct. [20] Watts per hour properly refers to the change of power per hour. Watts per hour (W/h) might be useful to characterize the ramp-up behavior of power plants. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h. Hydroelectric power plants have a very high ramp-up rate, which makes them particularly useful in peak load and emergency situations. Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt hours for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. One terawatt hour is equal to a sustained power of approximately 114 megawatts for a period of one year. The watt second is a unit of energy, equal to the joule. One kilowatt hour is 3, 600, 000 watt seconds. The watt second is used, for example, to rate the energy storage of flash lamps used in photography, although the term joule is generally employed.

Volt • The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. [1] The volt is named in honour of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745– 1827), who invented the voltaic pile, possibly the first chemical battery. • • The volt is a measure of electric potential. Electrical potential is a type of potential energy, and refers to the energy that could be released if electric current is allowed to flow. An analogy is that a suspended object is said to have gravitational potential energy, which is the amount of energy released if the object is allowed to fall. In alternating current, the voltages increase, decrease and change direction at regular intervals. As a result, voltage for alternating current almost never refers to the voltage at a particular instant, but instead is the root mean square (RMS) voltage, which is a way of defining an effective voltage when calculating power (RMS voltage × RMS current). In most cases, the fact that a voltage is an RMS voltage is not specified, but assumed.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Safety Devices – Fuse – Circuit breaker Electrical Equipment Safety – Inspect regularly. – Never overload circuits. – Check for UL (Underwriter’s Laboratory) approval. – Ensure that appliances are grounded.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT Hints for the Safe Use of Electricity – – – – – Ensure UL certification. Study instructions on use of equipment. Disconnect appliances when not in use. Inspect all electrical equipment regularly. Keep wires, plugs, and equipment in good repair. Use one plug per outlet. Avoid contact with water or metal when using electricity. Do not leave the room when client is connected to any electrical device. Keep cords off floor to avoid tripping. Do not attempt to clean around electric outlets while equipment is plugged in.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT • Hints for the Safe Use of Electricity Do not touch two metallic objects at the same time if either is connected to current. Do not step on or set objects on electrical cords. Do not allow cords to become twisted or bent. Disconnect appliances by pulling plug, not cord. Do not attempt to repair electrical appliances unless you are qualified. Never tamper with wiring or plugs to get them to fit into a receptacle they were not designed for.

ELECTROTHERAPY Polarity Test #1 – Separate tips and immerse in salt water. – Turn the selector switch to galvanic current. – As water is decomposed, more active bubbles will accumulate at negative pole. Polarity Test #2 – Place tips of two conducting cords on two separate pieces of blue moistened litmus paper. – Paper under positive pole will turn red. – Paper under negative pole will remain blue.

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Conditioners 2. 8 - 7 Haircolor 7 - 11 Permanent Waves 4. 5 – 9. 6 Shampoo 3. 5 -9. 0 Relaxers 10 -13

ELECTROTHERAPY The Galvanic Current is safe and has been used in medicine for over a century. The “Galvanic Current, " used today is for cosmetic purposes, which use to be a very expensive treatment process, to facilitate the delivery of beneficial ingredients to the skin. The Galvanic Current is named after an Italian scientist Luigi Galvani. toile

ELECTROTHERAPY Galvanic Current – – Active electrode Inactive electrode Positive pole, anode, red Negative pole, cathode, black Positive Pole Results – – – Produces acidic reactions Closes pores Soothes nerves Decreases blood supply Contracts blood vessels Hardens or firms tissues

ELECTROTHERAPY Negative Pole Results – – – Produces alkaline reactions Opens pores Stimulates and irritates nerves Increases blood supply to skin Expands blood vessels Softens tissues Iontophoresis (eye-ahn-toh-foh-REE-sus) – – Process of introducing water-soluble products into the skin with the use of electric current Cataphoresis (kat-uh-fuh-REE-sus) Anaphoresis (an-uh-for-EES-sus) Desincrustation (des-in-krus-TAY-shun)

ELECTROTHERAPY Faradic Current Benefits – – – – Improves muscle tone Promotes waste product removal Increases blood circulation Relieves congested blood Increases glandular activity Stimulates hair growth Increases metabolism Sinusoidal Current Benefits – Supplies greater stimulation; less irritating than faradic – Soothes nerves, penetrates muscle tissue – Best suited for nervous clients

ELECTROTHERAPY CAUTIONS for Faradic and Sinusoidal Currents – Do not use if it causes pain or discomfort. – Do not use if face is very florid. – Do not use if client has gold-filled teeth, high blood pressure, or pustular condition of skin. Tesla High-Frequency Current – Has high rate of oscillation or vibration – Used for scalp and facial treatments – Used to treat thinning hair, itchy scalp, and excessively oily or dry skin Figure 7 -24

ELECTROTHERAPY Benefits of Tesla Current – – – Stimulates circulation of blood Increases glandular activity Aids in elimination and absorption Increases metabolism Improved germicidal action Relieves congestion

OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT Conventional Hood Dryer – For drying hair Electric Curling Irons § For curling hair Heating Caps § For scalp treatments Processing or Accelerating Machine § Accelerates hair services Steamer or Vaporizer § For facials Vibrator § For massage Blow Dryer

OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

LIGHT THERAPY Therapeutic Lamps – produce same rays as the sun. – produce thermal, mechanical, and chemical effects. Ultraviolet Rays (UV) – Short wavelengths – Least penetrating rays – Chemical effects Benefits of Ultraviolet Rays – – – Kill germs Produce vitamin D on skin Treat psoriasis Treat acne Stimulate production of melanin

LIGHT THERAPY Disadvantages of Ultraviolet Rays – May cause sunburn – May cause skin cancer Application of Ultraviolet Rays – Lamp should be 30 inches to 36 inches from skin. – Exposure should last only 2 to 3 minutes – Exposure can be increased gradually to 7 to 8 minutes. Infrared Rays – – 60% of natural light Penetrate the deepest Produce the most heat Have long wavelengths

LIGHT THERAPY

SUMMARY • Electricity plays an important role in the everyday operations of a cosmetology salon. • A general understanding of electricity and the various currents is very important because of the devices and equipment used in salon services. • We cannot perform skin care services safely and effectively without understanding which form of electrical current gives the best results for the desired service.