Principles of Classification of Consonants On the

Principles of Classification of Consonants

On the articulatory level consonants change: O in the degree of noise; O in the manner of articulation; O in the place of articulation.

According to the degree of noise: Consonants Noise consonants Sonorants

Noise consonants vary: 1. in the work of the vocal cords 2. in the degree or force of articulation

According to the work of the vocal cords: Noise consonants Voiced Voiceless

The degree of noise may vary because of the force of articulation: Strong (or fortis) noise consonants Weak (or lenis) noise consonants

According to the manner of articulation: Occlusive Plosive: [b] [p] [d] [t] [g][k] Sonorants: [m] [n] [ŋ] Constrictive Fricative: [f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h] Sonorants: [l][w] [r] [j] Occlusiveconstrictive (affricates) [ʧ] [ʤ]

According to the place of articulation: Unicentral One place of articulation (or focus) Bicentral Two places of articulation (or foci) [ʧ ] [ʤ] [ʃ ] [ʒ]

According to the position of the active organ of speech: English consonants Labial Lingual Glottal

Labial Bilabial [p b m w] Labio-dental [f v] Glottal [h]

Lingual consonants: Forelingual Mediolingual Backlingual [j] [k g ŋ] Interdental [θ] [ð] Alveolar [t d s z n l] Post-alveolar [r] Palato-alveolar [ʧ ʤ ʃ ʒ]

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