PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE AKU 3201 POND CULTURE

PRINCIPLES OF AQUACULTURE (AKU 3201) POND CULTURE

1 Method of culture • POND CULTURE

2 Outline • • • Pond culture Types of ponds Pond construction Pond management Types of culture

3 • POND

4 POND • POND = - enclosed space shallow water useful nutrients good physico-chemical parameters

5 POND CULTURE • POND CULTURE = - Cultivation of any aquatic organisms - Natural environment - Provide food in the captivity of pond area

6 Types pond • 3 types: 1) 2) 3) 4) Dug-out (excavated)pond Embankment pond Concrete pond Combination pond

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8 1) Dug-out pond • • • No pond engineering basis Small No commercial purpose One pond/house Excavated

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10 2) Embankment pond • • Fish pond with dikes around Generally earthen ponds Rectangular/square in shape Most common type of aquaculture pond in Malaysia

11 EARTHEN POND

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14 3) Concrete pond • • Ponds made of concrete or cement Ground level / above ground level Rectangular, square, circular Advantages/ disadvantages

15 Concrete pond

16 4) Combination ponds • Embankment + concrete ponds • Dikes covered by concrete/cement • Bottom is earthen

17 Pond type • • Nursery Transition pond (Intermediate size animal) Grow-out/Rearing pond Treatment

18 Typical pond structure

19 • POND CONSTRUCTION

20 Pond construction • Land • Select the site (soil & water quality) • Prepare the site

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22 Pond construction • Clear land from all vegetation

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24 Water

25 • Dig pond & compact • Sheep foot roller • The soil can be stockpiled for dike

26 Dike > 1 m 3 1 -1. 5 m 2 - b) Width >1 m Plant grass on dikes Don’t use plants freeboard 1: b) Height 1 - 1. 5 m Freeboard : 30 cm 1 : 1 ¼- 2

27 Pond bottom

28 Pond bottom • Pond depth: 1. 0 m – 1. 5 m • Near inlet = 0. 5 -1. 0 m shallow end • Near outlet = Sloping 1. 5 m at the drain end • Drain system – allow water to be removed by gravity

29 Pond bottom

30 Advantages of sloping bottom • Easy fish harvesting • Easy pond drainage • Easy pond drying

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32 Inlet & outlet pipe • Inlet & outlet – Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) • Individual inlet & outlet • Filter water entering & leaving ponds

33 Water inlet system • Water pump – pumps water from a water source • Inlet pipe

34 Water outlet system • Outlet pipe = removes water from the pond • T-pipe – maintains water level of the pond to avoid flooding

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36 Monk

37 Monk • Control amount of water in & out of pond • Normally concrete

38 • Grooves to control the flow of water • Also to prevent the predators & escaping crops

39 Monk • Concrete pipe with appropriate diameter

40 Summary

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45 Pond management • Cleaning & drying • Liming • Fertilizing

46 Pond drying • Flush pond with water to remove sediments • Dry the pond until the bottom cracks Advantages - Improve soil texture - Removal of undesirable metabolites e. g H 2 S - Elimination of predators, parasites & their eggs & unwanted macrophytes - Removal of excessive mud from pond bottom

47 • Excessive mud - Increase the height of pond bottom - Decrease depth

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49 Pond liming • Pond preparation for fertilization Calcium oxide (Ca. O) = Quicklime Calcium carbonate(Ca. CO 3)= Limestone • Neutral-alkaline p. H (7 -8) •

50 Pond liming • Advantages - Favourable environment for microbial growth - Raise p. H to desirable levels - Pond disinfectant – kill parasites - Increase the effectiveness of fertilizer

51 Pond fertilization • 2 type of fertilizers A) Organic fertilizers Animal manures, compost, sewage B) Inorganic fertilizers (Synthetic fertilizer) Contain concentrated NPK (Nitrogen, phosphorus, kalium) Superphosphate, triple superphosphate

52 Pond fertilization • Increase primary productivity • Stimulate phytoplankton production (autotrophic) • Stimulate bacteria & zooplankton (heterotrophic)

53 Phytoplankton/ Microalgae

54 Zooplankton

55 Pond fertilization

56 Polyethylene sheet • High-density polyethylene (HDPE) • Pond lining

Actions Schedule Drying 10– 12 days before stocking. The most effective method of eradication of unwanted fish and aeration of pond soil. Poisoning 10– 12 days (or one month) before stocking. It is necessary in undrainable ponds. 2– 3 mg/l. Rotenone, 0. 25 mg/l Phostoxin, or 0. 15 mg/l Thiodin (waiting time one month) are suitable. Liming 5– 6 days before stocking. 40– 140 kg lime/ha after dewatering, or 40 kg/ha followed by daily 10– 15 kg for 1 week. Bottom treatment Racking the bottom of undrainable ponds for a few days for aeration of upper soil layer.

Actions Schedule Partial or total refilling 3– 4 days before the planned stocking. The required water depth is at least 1 m. Manuring 3– 4 days before the stocking (on the day of refilling) 100– 150 kg poultry or 200– 250 kg cattle manure for one ha as a preparatory dose followed by 10– 15 kg or 20– 25 kg daily dose. Fertilization If well water is used for refilling (or algal blooming is not sufficient in undrainable ponds) in addition to manure 5– 7 kg/ha Urea and 3– 4 kg/ha TSP followed by daily dose of 0. 5 kg Urea and 0. 2 kg TSP. Eradication of Copepods 30– 50 hours before stocking Dipterex treatment (0. 5– 1. 0 mg/l) or Sumithion/Edithion (2 -3 mg/l) if cyclops are present in the water.

HATCHERY WORK AND POND PREPARATION Schedule of activities In hatchery For pond preparation 12 days before stocking - Poisoning, repeated netting 6 days " " - Liming 5 days " " Injection/stripping Refilling, manuring 3 days " " Hatching Raking of pond bottom 2 days " " Cleaning of larvae keeping tanks Dipterex treatment Raking of pond bottom 1 day " " 12– 20 hours before stocking Cleaning of larvae keeping tanks 0 day First feeding of fry 3 – 4 hours before stocking Sumithion/Edithion treatment, repeated netting Stocking

60 Types of culture • Monoculture • Polyculture (Integrated) - Common carp =benthic - Grass carp = herbivor - Silver carp = phytoplankton - Bighead carp = zooplankton

61 Types of culture • 3 different types a) Extensive b) Semi-intensive c) Intensive - Stocking & fertilization rates Supplementary feed quality Level of technology Level of investment

62 a) Extensive - Simplest method of culture - Low stocking rate Use fertilizers Low level of technology Investment = low Yield = low Production rate 100 -500 kg/ha/year e. g. , backyard hatchery, wastewater treatment ponds, rice field

63 b) Semi-intensive - Stocking rate > extensive - Fertilizer + additional feed - Technology > extensive; pond preparation & management - Investment > extensive - Yield > extensive - Production rate 500 -4000 kg/ha/year

64 c) Intensive - High stocking rate - Greater dependence on commercial feeds - High technology = e. g automated feeding, aeration, H 20 purification - High level investment - High yield/ risk - Production rate 5, 00015, 000 kg/ha/year