Principles in Communication Networks Instructor Prof Yuval

Principles in Communication Networks • Instructor: Prof. Yuval Shavitt, – Office hours: room 303 s/w eng. bldg. , Tue 16: 0017: 00 • Prerequisites ( : )דרישות קדם – Introduction to computer communications (TAU, Technion, BGU) • Expectations from students: – probability – Queueing theory basics – Graph theory

Course Syllabus (tentative) • • Internet structure Internet measurements Measurement optimization Measurement analysis Introduction to switching, router types Use of Gen. Func. : HOL analysis, TCP analysis. Matching algorithms and their analysis CLOS networks: non-blocking theorem, routing algorithms and their analysis • Scheduling algorithms

Grade composition • Final exam – 60% • Project – 30% • Home assignments (2 -3) - 10%

Routing in the Internet

Routing in the Internet is done in three levels: – In LANs in the MAC layer: • Spanning tree protocol for Ethernet Transparent bridge. • Source routing for token rings • Inside autonomous systems (ASes): – RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, (E)IGRP • Between ASes: – BGP

Autonomous Systems • Autonomous Routing Domains: A collection of physical networks glued together using IP, that have a unified administrative routing policy. • An AS is an autonomous routing domain that has been assigned a number. … the administration of an AS appears to other ASes to have a single coherent interior routing plan and presents a consistent picture of what networks are reachable through it. RFC 1930: Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System

Internet Hierarchical Routing C. b a Host h 1 C b A. a Inter-AS routing between A and B A. c a d c b A Intra-AS routing within AS A B. a a c B Host h 2 b Intra-AS routing within AS B

Why different Intra- and Inter-AS routing ? Policy: • Inter-AS: admin wants control over how its traffic routed, who routes through its net. • Intra-AS: single admin, so no policy decisions needed Scale: • hierarchical routing saves table size, reduced update traffic Performance: • Intra-AS: can focus on performance • Inter-AS: policy may dominate over performance

RIP • A distance-vector protocol – (distributed Bellman Ford) • Developed in the 80 s based on a Xerox protocol • RIP-2 is now often used due to its simplicity • Distance metric: minimum hop

OSPF / IS-IS • Link state protocol – each node see the entire network map and calculate shortest paths using Dijksrta algorithm. • Allows two level of hierarchy • Authentication • Complex • IS-IS gain popularity among large ISPs

The structure of the Internet

How are routers connected? • Why should we care? – While communication protocols will work correctly on ANY topology – …. they may not be efficient for some topologies – Knowledge of the topology can aid in optimizing protocols

The Internet as a graph • Remember: the Internet is a collection of networks called autonomous systems (ASs) • The Internet graph: – The AS graph • Nodes: ASs, links: AS peering – The router level graph • Nodes: routers, links: fibers, cables, MW channels, etc. – There are mid-level aggregation schemes • Po. P topologies, city topologies • How does it looks like?

Random graphs in Mathematics The Erdös-Rényi model • Generation: – create n nodes. – each possible link is added with probability p. • Number of links: np • If we want to keep the number of links linear, what happen to p as n ? Poisson distribution

The Waxman model • Integrating distance with the E-R model • Generation – Spread n nodes on a large enough grid. – Pick a link uar and add it with prob. that exponentially decrease with its length – Stop if enough links • Heavily used in the 90 s

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

1999 The Faloutsos brothers • Measured the Internet AS and router graphs. • Mine, she looks different! Notre Dame • Looked at complex system graphs: social relationship, actors, neurons, WWW • Suggested a dynamic generation model

The Faloutsos Graph 1995 Internet router topology 3888 nodes, 5012 edges, =2. 57

SCIENCE CITATION INDEX Nodes: papers Links: citations 25 Witten-Sander PRL 1981 1736 PRL papers (1988) 2212 P(k) ~k- ( = 3) (S. Redner, 1998)

Sex-web Nodes: people (Females; Males) Links: sexual relationships 4781 Swedes; 18 -74; 59% response rate. Liljeros et al. Nature 2001

Web power-laws

SCALE-FREE NETWORKS (1) The number of nodes (N) is NOT fixed. Networks continuously expand by the addition of new nodes Examples: WWW : addition of new documents Citation : publication of new papers (2) The attachment is NOT uniform. A node is linked with higher probability to a node that already has a large number of links. Examples : WWW : new documents link to well known sites (CNN, YAHOO, New. York Times, etc) Citation : well cited papers are more likely to be cited again

(1) GROWTH : Scale-free model At every timestep we add a new node with m edges (connected to the nodes already present in the system). (2) PREFERENTIAL ATTACHMENT : The probability Π that a new node will be connected to node i depends on the connectivity ki of that node P(k) ~k-3 A. -L. Barabási, R. Albert, Science 286, 509 (1999)

The Faloutsos Graph

Back to the Internet • Understanding its structure and dynamics – help applications (WWW, file sharing) – help improving routing – predict Internet growth • So lets look at the data….

…Data? • The Internet is an engineered system, so someone must know how it is built, no? • NO! It is an uncoordinated interconnection of Autonomous Systems (ASes=networks). • No central database about Internet structure. • Several projects attempt to reveal the structure: Skitter, Route. Views, …

The Internet Structure routers

The Internet Structure The AS graph

Revealing the Internet Structure

Revealing the Internet Structure

Revealing the Internet Structure

Revealing the Internet Structure Diminishing return! Deploying more boxes does not pay-off 7 new links 30 new links NO new links

Revealing the Internet Structure To obtain the ‘horizontal’ links we need strong presence in the edge

What is DIMES? DIMES • Distributed Internet measurement and monitoring – Based on software agents downloaded by volunteers • Diminishing return? – Software agents – The cost of the first agent is very high – each additional agent costs almost zero • Capabilities – Obtaining Internet maps at all granularity level • connectivity, delay, loss, bandwidth, jitter, …. – Tracking the Internet evolution in time – Monitoring the Internet in real time

Diminishing Return? • [Chen et al 02], [Bradford et al 01]: when you combine more and more points of view the return diminishes very fast • What have they missed? – The mass of the tail is significant No. of views

Diminishing Return? • [Chen et al 02], [Bradford et al 01]: when you combine more and more points of view the return diminishes very fast • What have they missed? – The mass of the tail is significant No. of views

Diminish … shminimish

How many ASes see an edge? ~9000/6000 are seen only by one

Challenges • It’s a distributed systems: – Measurement traffic looks malicious • Flying under the NOC radar screens (Agents cannot measure too much) – Optimize the architecture: • Minimize the number of measurements • Expedite the discovery rate • BUT agents are – Unreliable – Some move around

real world complex system Distributed System Agents • To be able to use agents wisely we need agents profiles: – Reliablility – Location: • Static • Bi-homed: where mostly? • Mobile: identify home base – Abilities: what type of measurements can it perform?

Agent shavitt Fairly stable measurements from Israel Reappear in Spain 2 idle weeks

Degree Distribution Zipf plot Pr(k) k

Quantifying the Distribution

Data Set • Data is obtained from DIMES – Community-based infrastructure, using almost 1000 active measuring software agents – Agents follow a script and perform ~2 probes per minute (ICMP/UDP traceroute, ping) – Most agents measure from a single AS (vp) • But some (appear to) measure from more… • Data need to be filtered to remove artifacts – Traceroute data collected during March 2008

Filtering the data • For each agent and each week, classify how many networks it measured the Internet from Typical cases: – ASi: 15300, ASj: 8 – ASi: 10000, ASj: 3178 – ASi: 10000, ASj: 412 , ASk: 201 – 18000, 12, 11, 9, 9, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1, ….

Measurements Per Agent Week 4, 2008

Measurements per Network 500

Agents per Network

Filtering Results • 96% of the agents have less than 4 different vps • High degree ASs tend to have more agents • High number of measurements for all vps degrees

Diminishing Returns? • Barford et. al. – the utility of adding many vps quickly diminishes – In terms of ASes and AS-links • Shavitt and Shir – utility indeed diminishes but the tail is long and significant – Tail is biased towards horizontal links • We wish to quantify how different aspects of AS-level topology are affected by adding more vps

Creating topologies per VP sort by

Topology Size • The return (especially for AS links) does not diminishes fast! VP with small local topology can contribute many new links!

Direction of Detected Links • For each link: Plot max adjacent AS degree and max adjacent ASes degree difference High degree difference – indicates radial links towards the core Low degree difference – indicates tangential links and links between smallsize ASes

Convergence of Properties • Taking several common AS-level graph properties, and analyze their convergence as local topologies are added – Keeping the sort order by number of links • Slow convergence indicates the need to have broad and diverse set of vps

Density and Average Degree Slow convergence of density and average degree – easy to detect ASes but difficult to find all links

Power-law and Max Degree Fast convergence of maximal degree – core links are easily detects Fair convergence of power-law exponent

Betweenness and Clustering Fast convergence of max bc – Level 3 (AS 3356), a tier-1 AS is immediately detected as having max bc Radial links decrease cc Tangential links increase cc

Revisiting Sampling Bias • Lakhina et al. – AS degrees inferred from traceroute sampling are biased – ASes in vicinity to vps have higher degrees – Power-law might be an artifact of this! • Dall’asta et al. – no…it is quite possible to have unbiased degrees with traceroutes • Cohen et al. – when exponent is larger than 2, resulting bias is negligible

Evaluating Sampling Bias • For each AS find: – All the vps that have it in their local topology – The Valley-Free distance in hops Up-hill to the core (c 2 p), side-ways in the core (p 2 p) and down-hill from the core (p 2 c)

Dataset VPs and Distances Low degree ASes are seen from less vps than high-degree ASes…this makes sense! In our dataset, most ASes have a vp that is only 1 -2 hops away!

Average Distance per Degree Low degree ASes are seen from farther vps…sampling bias? No real bias! • More VPs are located in high-degree ASes • There are high-degree ASes that are seen from “far” vps • Broad distribution – all ASes are pretty close-by to a vp!

Predicting Growth

Our. Goal • To measure the Internet evolution in time – AS level - too coarse – IP level - too fine

The Internet Structure The AS graph

The Internet Structure The Po. P level graph The AS graph

What the Po. P is ? • Po. P – Point of Presence of the ISP

Our. Goal • To measure the Internet evolution in time – AS level - too coarse – IP level - too fine – Po. P level – strike the right balance • Network size is reasonable • Nodes are roughly the same size • Has a good geographical grip (with some exceptions) • Other uses of Po. P maps – Network distance estimation

The Algorithm Input & Output

Pivot Idea: What is a graph representation of the POP?

DIMES a historical perspective DIMES • Comments in 2004 (expert meeting in UCSD) – – It will never fly You’ll be lucky to get 500 downloads in three years You’ll never be able to clean the noise How will you deal with problemi (i=1, 2, 3, 4, …. )? • Status in Feb 2010 – – – Over 21, 700 downloads (over 100 nations) 1000 -1200 active agents every day Measuring from over 200 ASes every week Data is used world wide by EE, CS, Phys, Econ DIMES is highly cited

http: //www. net. Dimes. org