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Presentation Plus! United States Government: Democracy in Action Copyright © by The Mc. Graw-Hill Presentation Plus! United States Government: Democracy in Action Copyright © by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. Send all inquiries to: GLENCOE DIVISION Glencoe/Mc. Graw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240

Chapter Focus Section 1 National and State Powers Section 2 Relations Among the States Chapter Focus Section 1 National and State Powers Section 2 Relations Among the States Section 3 Developing Federalism Section 4 Federalism and Politics Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to go to the corresponding content area. Press the ESC (escape) key at any time to exit the presentation.

Chapter Objectives • National and State Powers Distinguish among the expressed, implied, and inherent Chapter Objectives • National and State Powers Distinguish among the expressed, implied, and inherent powers of the federal government and compare federal powers with state powers. (Section 1) • Relations Among the States Explain how the Constitution regulates interstate relations. (Section 2) • Developing Federalism Examine views of and growth of federalism. (Section 3) • Federalism and Politics Summarize the impact of federalism on politics. (Section 4) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Chapter Concepts • • Section 1 Federalism Section 2 Federalism Section 3 Federalism Section Chapter Concepts • • Section 1 Federalism Section 2 Federalism Section 3 Federalism Section 4 Public Policy Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Making It Relevant Transparency The next slide is about the recession in the early Making It Relevant Transparency The next slide is about the recession in the early 1990 s.

Making It Relevant 4 Making It Relevant 4

End of Chapter Focus Click the mouse button to return to the Contents. End of Chapter Focus Click the mouse button to return to the Contents.

National and State Powers Key Terms delegated powers, expressed powers, implied powers, elastic clause, National and State Powers Key Terms delegated powers, expressed powers, implied powers, elastic clause, inherent powers, reserved powers, supremacy clause, concurrent powers, enabling act Find Out • What are the differences between the expressed powers and the implied powers? • How does the overall power of the national government compare to that of the states? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

National and State Powers Understanding Concepts Federalism In what ways does federalism provide constitutional National and State Powers Understanding Concepts Federalism In what ways does federalism provide constitutional safeguards for the people? Section Objective Distinguish among the expressed, implied, and inherent powers of the federal government and compare federal powers with state powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Introduction • National and state powers have been continually redefined through conflict, compromise, and Introduction • National and state powers have been continually redefined through conflict, compromise, and cooperation since the earliest days of the republic. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Division of Powers • The Constitution divided government authority by giving the national The Division of Powers • The Constitution divided government authority by giving the national government certain specified powers, reserving all other powers to the states or to the people. • The national and state governments share some powers and are both denied some powers. • Federalism is not a static relationship between different levels of government. It is a dynamic concept that affects everyday decisions at all levels. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

National Powers • The Constitution grants three types of powers to the national government: National Powers • The Constitution grants three types of powers to the national government: – expressed powers – implied powers – inherent powers • Collectively, these powers are known as delegated powers, powers the Constitution grants or delegates to the national government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Expressed Powers • The expressed powers are those powers directly expressed or stated in Expressed Powers • The expressed powers are those powers directly expressed or stated in the Constitution by the Founders. • This constitutional authority includes the power to levy and collect taxes, to coin money, to make war, to raise an army and navy, and to regulate commerce among the states. • Expressed powers are also called enumerated powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Implied Powers • Those powers that the national government requires to carry out the Implied Powers • Those powers that the national government requires to carry out the powers that are expressly defined in the Constitution are called implied powers. • While not specifically listed, implied powers spring from and depend upon the expressed powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Implied Powers (cont. ) • The basis for the implied powers is the necessary Implied Powers (cont. ) • The basis for the implied powers is the necessary and proper clause (Article I, Section 8). • This clause is often called the elastic clause because it expands the government’s authority to meet many problems the Founders did not foresee. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Inherent Powers • Those powers that the national government may exercise simply because it Inherent Powers • Those powers that the national government may exercise simply because it is a government are its inherent powers. • For example, the national government must control immigration and establish diplomatic relations with other countries, even though these powers are not spelled out in the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The States and the Nation • The powers that the Constitution left strictly to The States and the Nation • The powers that the Constitution left strictly to the states are called reserved powers. • Reserved powers are not listed in the Constitution. The Tenth Amendment grants powers “not delegated to the United States by the Constitution” to the states, or to the people. • The states may exercise any power not delegated to the national government, reserved to the people, or denied to them by the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Supremacy Clause • What happens when states exceed their reserved powers and pass The Supremacy Clause • What happens when states exceed their reserved powers and pass laws that conflict with national laws? Which law is supreme? – Article VI, Section 2, of the Constitution makes the acts and treaties of the United States supreme. For this reason it is called the supremacy clause. – No state law or state constitution may conflict with any form of national law. – All local governments–created by state governments–are also bound by the Constitution’s supremacy clause. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Concurrent Powers • Concurrent powers are those powers that both the national government and Concurrent Powers • Concurrent powers are those powers that both the national government and the states have. • Examples of concurrent powers are the power to tax, to maintain courts and define crimes, and to appropriate private property for public use. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

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Denied Powers • The Constitution specifically denies some powers to all levels of government Denied Powers • The Constitution specifically denies some powers to all levels of government through Article I, Section 9. • For example, the national government cannot tax exports, and it cannot interfere with the ability of states to carry out their responsibilities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Denied Powers (cont. ) • No state can make treaties or alliances with foreign Denied Powers (cont. ) • No state can make treaties or alliances with foreign governments, coin money, make any laws impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant titles of nobility. • States must have congressional permission to collect duties on exports or imports or to make agreements–called compacts–with other states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Guarantees to the States • The Constitution obliges the national government to do three Guarantees to the States • The Constitution obliges the national government to do three things for the states, as outlined in Article IV, Sections 3 and 4: – guarantee a republican form of government – protect the states – respect their territorial integrity Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Republican Form of Government • The national government must guarantee each state a republican Republican Form of Government • The national government must guarantee each state a republican form of government. Enforcement of this guarantee has become a congressional responsibility. • The only extensive use of this guarantee came just after the Civil War. • Congress refused to seat senators and representatives from states until they ratified the Civil War amendments and changed their laws to recognize African Americans’ rights. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protection • The national government must protect states from invasion and domestic violence. • Protection • The national government must protect states from invasion and domestic violence. • The president may send federal troops or aid in cases such as: – an attack by a foreign power upon any state – domestic disorders when state officials ask for help – a violation of national laws, threat to federal property, or interference with federal responsibilities – natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Protection (cont. ) • When a natural disaster strikes, the president may also provide Protection (cont. ) • When a natural disaster strikes, the president may also provide low-cost loans to help people repair damages. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Territorial Integrity • The national government has the duty to respect the territorial integrity Territorial Integrity • The national government has the duty to respect the territorial integrity of each state. • The national government cannot use territory that is part of an existing state to create a new state without permission from the legislature of the state involved. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Admission of New States • Thirty-seven states have joined the Union since the original Admission of New States • Thirty-seven states have joined the Union since the original 13 formed the nation. • Most of these states became territories before taking steps to gain statehood. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Congress Admits New States • The Constitution gives Congress the power to admit new Congress Admits New States • The Constitution gives Congress the power to admit new states to the Union. There are two restrictions on this power: – First, no state may be formed by taking territory from one or more states without the consent of the states involved and of Congress. – Second, acts of admission, like all laws, are subject to presidential veto. • The procedure for admission begins when Congress passes an enabling act. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Congress Admits New States (cont. ) • An enabling act, when signed by the Congress Admits New States (cont. ) • An enabling act, when signed by the president, enables the people of the territory interested in becoming a state to prepare a constitution. • After a constitution has been drafted and approved by a popular vote in the area, it is submitted to Congress. • Congress then passes an act admitting the territory as a state. • Some states, however, have entered the Union in different ways. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Congress Admits New States (cont. ) • Five states were created from existing states. Congress Admits New States (cont. ) • Five states were created from existing states. • West Virginia was created from 40 western counties of Virginia that broke away when Virginia seceded from the Union. • Texas skipped the territorial period. Hawaii and Alaska each adopted a proposed constitution without waiting for an enabling act. • Puerto Rico has considered statehood over a period of several decades, but it rejected the measure in a 1993 vote. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Conditions for Admission • Congress or the president may impose certain conditions before admitting Conditions for Admission • Congress or the president may impose certain conditions before admitting a new state, including requiring changes in the drafted constitution submitted by a territory. • Once a state is admitted, however, those conditions may be enforced only if they do not interfere with the new state’s authority to manage its own internal affairs. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Equality of the States • Once admitted to the Union, each state is equal Equality of the States • Once admitted to the Union, each state is equal to every other state and has rights to control its internal affairs. • No state has more privileges or fewer obligations than any other. • Each state is legally separate from every other state in the Union. • All states in the Union are bound to support the Constitution. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The National Governors’ Association • The National Governors’ Association (NGA) supports federalism by helping The National Governors’ Association • The National Governors’ Association (NGA) supports federalism by helping governors in state policy making and in influencing national policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

NGA Helping the Governors • In the 1970 s the NGA focused on helping NGA Helping the Governors • In the 1970 s the NGA focused on helping the governors’ performance within their own states. • A series of publications focused on the growing influence of states and governors as innovators. • Through the NGA, states shared ideas on how to solve common problems. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

NGA Influencing National Policy • Beginning in the 1980 s, governors focused their attention NGA Influencing National Policy • Beginning in the 1980 s, governors focused their attention on national policy concerns, such as education, welfare, health-care reforms, and the changing balance in the federal system. • By joining together, the governors were becoming a big part of the national policymaking process. • Two recent initiatives for the NGA were a lobbying effort against unfunded mandates and ending the Medicaid and welfare reform standoff. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Obligations of the States • The states perform two important functions for the national Obligations of the States • The states perform two important functions for the national government: – State and local governments conduct and pay for elections of all national government officials–senators, representatives, and presidential electors. – The states play a key role in the process for amending the Constitution. No amendment can be added to the Constitution unless three -fourths of the states approve it. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Supreme Court as Umpire • Because federalism divides the powers of government, conflicts The Supreme Court as Umpire • Because federalism divides the powers of government, conflicts frequently arise between national and state governments. • By settling such disputes, the federal court system, particularly the Supreme Court, plays a key role as an umpire for our federal system. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Supreme Court as Umpire (cont. ) • In the landmark case of Mc. The Supreme Court as Umpire (cont. ) • In the landmark case of Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819), the Supreme Court held that in the instance of a conflict between the national government and a state government, the national government is supreme. Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case.

What are the differences between the expressed powers and the implied powers? Expressed powers What are the differences between the expressed powers and the implied powers? Expressed powers are stated in the Constitution while implied powers spring from expressed powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

How does the overall power of the national government compare to that of the How does the overall power of the national government compare to that of the states? The Federal government has expressed, implied, and inherent powers. States receive powers not delegated to the national government or retained by the people. If conflicts arise, the national government is supreme. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 1 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 1 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

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Relations Among the States Key Terms extradite, civil law, interstate compact Find Out • Relations Among the States Key Terms extradite, civil law, interstate compact Find Out • What provisions in Article IV of the Constitution attempt to provide for cooperation among the various state governments? • What are some of the purposes of interstate compacts? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Relations Among the States Understanding Concepts Federalism Why is it necessary that the Constitution Relations Among the States Understanding Concepts Federalism Why is it necessary that the Constitution require states to cooperate with one another? Section Objective Explain how the Constitution regulates interstate relations. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Introduction • The Constitution defines not only nationalstate relations but also relations among the Introduction • The Constitution defines not only nationalstate relations but also relations among the states. • Conflicts and jealousies among the states had been a major reason for drafting the Constitution in 1787. • One way the Constitution dealt with this problem was to strengthen the national government. • The second way was to set the legal ground rules, such as extradition, for relations among the states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Interstate Relations • Article IV of the Constitution requires the states to do the Interstate Relations • Article IV of the Constitution requires the states to do the following: – give “full faith and credit” to the laws, records, and court decisions of other states – give one another’s citizens all the “privileges and immunities” of their own citizens – extradite–that is, return to a state–criminals and fugitives who flee across state lines to escape justice Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Full Faith and Credit • The Constitution states that “full faith and credit” shall Full Faith and Credit • The Constitution states that “full faith and credit” shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. • This clause applies only to civil law, or laws relating to disputes between individuals, groups, or with the state. • Without this rule, each state could treat all other states like foreign countries. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Full Faith and Credit (cont. ) • Further, each state could become a haven Full Faith and Credit (cont. ) • Further, each state could become a haven for people who decided to move to another state to avoid their legal duties and responsibilities. • The coverage of the “full faith and credit” rule is quite broad: – Public acts refers to civil laws passed by state legislatures. – Records means such documents as mortgages, deeds, leases, wills, and birth certificates. – Judicial proceedings refers to various court actions such as judgments to pay a debt. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Full Faith and Credit (cont. ) • Judicial decisions in civil matters in one Full Faith and Credit (cont. ) • Judicial decisions in civil matters in one state will be honored and enforced in all states. • If, for example, a person in Texas loses a lawsuit requiring a specific payment, and moves to Illinois to avoid paying the money, Illinois courts will enforce the Texas decision. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Privileges and Immunities • The Founders knew that when citizens traveled between states, they Privileges and Immunities • The Founders knew that when citizens traveled between states, they might be discriminated against. • Therefore, the Constitution provides that states must provide citizens of other states the same privileges and immunities it provides its own citizens. • The courts have never given a complete listing of “privileges and immunities. ” Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Privileges and Immunities (cont. ) • Included, however, are rights to. . . – Privileges and Immunities (cont. ) • Included, however, are rights to. . . – pass through or live in any state. – use the courts. – make contracts. – buy, sell, and hold property. – marry. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Privileges and Immunities (cont. ) • On the other hand, states may make reasonable Privileges and Immunities (cont. ) • On the other hand, states may make reasonable discrimination against nonresidents. For example: – A person must live in a state for a certain amount of time before becoming a voter or public official. – Nonresidents do not have the same right to attend publicly supported institutions such as schools or hospitals. – State colleges and universities may charge higher tuition fees to nonresidents. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Extradition • Because states are basically independent of one another, some means is needed Extradition • Because states are basically independent of one another, some means is needed to prevent criminals from escaping justice simply by going from one state to another. • For this reason, the Constitution provides for the extradition of fugitives. • Congress has made the governor of the state to which fugitives have fled responsible for returning them. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Extradition (cont. ) • The Supreme Court has softened the meaning of the extradition Extradition (cont. ) • The Supreme Court has softened the meaning of the extradition provision by ruling that a governor is not required to return a fugitive to another state. • In recent years Congress has acted to close the extradition loophole by making it a federal crime to flee from one state to another in order to avoid prosecution for a felony. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Interstate Compacts • The Constitution requires the states to settle their differences with one Interstate Compacts • The Constitution requires the states to settle their differences with one another without the use of force. • The principal way in which states may do this is to negotiate interstate compacts, written agreements between two or more states. • Congress must approve interstate compacts. This requirement prevents states from threatening the Union by making alliances among themselves. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Interstate Compacts (cont. ) • Once a compact has been signed and approved by Interstate Compacts (cont. ) • Once a compact has been signed and approved by Congress, it is binding on all states signing it. Its terms are enforceable by the Supreme Court. • States use compacts to deal with such matters as pollution, pest control, toll bridges, transportation, and the development and conservation of natural resources. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Lawsuits Between States • Sometimes states are unable to resolve their disputes by these Lawsuits Between States • Sometimes states are unable to resolve their disputes by these or other methods. • When this happens, an interstate lawsuit may result. • Suits among two or more states are heard in the United States Supreme Court, the only court in which one state may sue another. • States bring each other to court for a variety of reasons, including water rights, pollution, and boundary disputes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

What provisions in Article IV of the Constitution attempt to provide for cooperation among What provisions in Article IV of the Constitution attempt to provide for cooperation among the various state governments? Article IV includes the “full faith and credit” clause, the “privileges and immunities” clause, and provides for extradition of criminals and fugitives. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What are some of the purposes of interstate compacts? States use compacts to deal What are some of the purposes of interstate compacts? States use compacts to deal with regional issues and to settle disputes without the use of force. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 2 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 2 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

Developing Federalism Key Terms states’ rights position, nationalist position, income tax Find Out • Developing Federalism Key Terms states’ rights position, nationalist position, income tax Find Out • Compare the view of the federal government as seen by a states’ rightist and a nationalist. • What events show that federalism has been dynamic rather than static since the 1960 s? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Developing Federalism Understanding Concepts Federalism How do national crises, such as war, tend to Developing Federalism Understanding Concepts Federalism How do national crises, such as war, tend to shift power to the national government? Section Objective Examine views of and growth of federalism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Introduction • Early Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay had Introduction • Early Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay had to convince the people in the states that the new federalism of the Constitution was better than the old confederacy. • While they deeply believed that the United States needed a strong central government to survive, they also knew that many people feared the centralization of power. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

States’ Rightist Versus Nationalists • Throughout American history, there have been two quite different States’ Rightist Versus Nationalists • Throughout American history, there have been two quite different views of how federalism should operate: – The states’ rights position favors state and local action in dealing with problems. – The nationalist position favors national action in dealing with these matters. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The States’ Rights Position • The states’ rights view holds that the Constitution is The States’ Rights Position • The states’ rights view holds that the Constitution is a compact among the states. • States’ rightists argue that the states created the national government and gave it only certain limited powers. • States’ rights supporters believe state governments are closer to the people and better reflect their wishes than the national government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The States’ Rights Position (cont. ) • They tend to see the government in The States’ Rights Position (cont. ) • They tend to see the government in Washington, D. C. , as heavy-handed and a threat to individual liberty. • At various points in United States history, the Supreme Court has accepted this view. • Under Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (1836– 1864), the Court often supported states’ rights against powers of the national government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The States’ Rights Position (cont. ) • From 1918 to 1936, the Court also The States’ Rights Position (cont. ) • From 1918 to 1936, the Court also ignored John Marshall’s principle of implied powers set out in Mc. Culloch v. Maryland. • Instead, the Court based its decision on the Tenth Amendment, which says powers not delegated to the national government are reserved to the states or the people. Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case.

The Nationalist Position • The nationalist position rejects the idea of the Constitution as The Nationalist Position • The nationalist position rejects the idea of the Constitution as merely a compact among the states. • Nationalists argue that it was the people, not the states, who created both the national government and the states. Therefore, the national government is not subordinate to the states. • Nationalists believe the powers expressly delegated to the national government should be expanded as necessary to carry out the people’s will. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Nationalist Position (cont. ) • The Supreme Court established the nationalist position in The Nationalist Position (cont. ) • The Supreme Court established the nationalist position in 1819 in Mc. Culloch v. Maryland, but it really gained ground in the Court during the late 1930 s. • In the 1930 s the Great Depression gripped the nation, and the national government under Franklin D. Roosevelt responded by starting new social welfare and public works programs. Click the blue hyperlink to explore the Supreme Court case.

The Nationalist Position (cont. ) • The Court supported the expansion of the national The Nationalist Position (cont. ) • The Court supported the expansion of the national government’s powers in order to deal with the nation’s terrible economic problems. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Growing National Government • A major factor in shaping the development of American federalism Growing National Government • A major factor in shaping the development of American federalism has been the growth in the size and power of the national government. • Over the years this expansion came largely at the expense of the states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Growing National Government (cont. ) • The expansion of the national government’s powers has Growing National Government (cont. ) • The expansion of the national government’s powers has been based on three major constitutional provisions: – the war powers – the power to regulate interstate commerce – the power to tax and spend Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

War Powers • The national government has the power to wage war. • This War Powers • The national government has the power to wage war. • This authority has greatly expanded the federal government’s power because, in today’s world, national defense involves more than simply putting troops in the field. • Such factors as the condition of the economy and the strength of the educational system can affect the nation’s military capabilities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Commerce Power • The Constitution gives Congress the authority to regulate commerce. • The Commerce Power • The Constitution gives Congress the authority to regulate commerce. • The courts today consistently interpret the term commerce to mean nearly all activities concerned with the production, buying, selling, and transporting of goods. • For example, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbidding racial discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels and restaurants. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Commerce Power (cont. ) • In upholding this law the Supreme Court reasoned that… Commerce Power (cont. ) • In upholding this law the Supreme Court reasoned that… – racial discrimination by innkeepers and restaurant owners makes it difficult for the people discriminated against to travel and thus restricts the flow of interstate commerce. – Congress has the power to regulate commerce. – Congress may pass laws against racial discrimination. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Taxing Power • Congress has the authority to raise taxes and spend money to Taxing Power • Congress has the authority to raise taxes and spend money to promote the general welfare. • The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, gave Congress the power to tax incomes. • The income tax levied on individual earnings has become the major source of money for the national government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Taxing Power (cont. ) • Congress has used its taxing power to increase the Taxing Power (cont. ) • Congress has used its taxing power to increase the national government’s authority in two ways: – Taxes may be used to regulate businesses. – Congress may use taxes to influence states to adopt certain kinds of programs. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Federal Aid to the States • A continuing issue of federalism has been the Federal Aid to the States • A continuing issue of federalism has been the competition between states for national government spending. • Each state wants to get its fair share of national government projects because this spending affects the economies of every state. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Politics and Spending • The recent population shift from the Northeast and Midwest to Politics and Spending • The recent population shift from the Northeast and Midwest to the South and Southwest has shifted power in Washington, D. C. • Since the 1950 s, federal aid to state and local governments has increased tremendously. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Politics and Spending (cont. ) • State and local offices have learned that along Politics and Spending (cont. ) • State and local offices have learned that along with more federal aid comes greater federal control and red tape. • This is because many federal aid programs provide money only if the state and local governments are willing to meet conditions set by Congress. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Shifting Responsibilities • In recent years, some presidents and some congressional leaders have wanted Shifting Responsibilities • In recent years, some presidents and some congressional leaders have wanted to shift the balance of power in the federal system back toward the states. • In 1969, for example, President Nixon called for a “New Federalism” that would return more authority to state and local governments. • In 1982 President Reagan called for turning responsibility for federal programs in areas such as education and welfare over to the states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Shifting Responsibilities (cont. ) • Between 1980 and 1990 federal grants declined dramatically–from $50 Shifting Responsibilities (cont. ) • Between 1980 and 1990 federal grants declined dramatically–from $50 billion to $19 billion. • In the 1990 s Congress supported giving the states more authority over spending intergovernmental funds but could not agree on the specific legislation needed. Therefore, the task fell to the executive branch. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Shifting Responsibilities (cont. ) • The Clinton administration’s National Performance Review allowed agencies to Shifting Responsibilities (cont. ) • The Clinton administration’s National Performance Review allowed agencies to set aside federal rules and regulations that were counterproductive to public goals. • The Clinton administration seemed willing to extend the same favor in instances where states and localities provided commonsense reasons for sidestepping regulations. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Compare the view of the federal government as seen by a states’ rightist and Compare the view of the federal government as seen by a states’ rightist and a nationalist. States’ Rightist: The federal government should have only limited powers. Nationalist: The federal government’s powers should be expanded as needed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What events show that federalism has been dynamic rather than static since the 1930 What events show that federalism has been dynamic rather than static since the 1930 s? Franklin D. Roosevelt’s social welfare and public works programs, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the power of Congress to levy an income tax and to regulate business, and changes in federal aid and authority to states all illustrate the dynamic nature of federalism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 3 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 3 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

Federalism and Politics Key Terms sunset law, sunshine law, bureaucracy Find Out • How Federalism and Politics Key Terms sunset law, sunshine law, bureaucracy Find Out • How has federalism benefited the two- party system? • What advantages does federalism provide a person who may be dissatisfied with conditions in his or her home state or area? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Federalism and Politics Understanding Concepts Public Policy How does federalism allow for more political Federalism and Politics Understanding Concepts Public Policy How does federalism allow for more political participation? Section Objective Summarize the impact of federalism on politics. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

Introduction • Federalism influences the practice of politics and government. • It affects government Introduction • Federalism influences the practice of politics and government. • It affects government policy making, the political party system, the political activities of citizens, and the quality of life in the 50 states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Federalism and Public Policy • A policy is a stated course of action. Announcing Federalism and Public Policy • A policy is a stated course of action. Announcing a policy means that a person or an organization has decided upon a conscious, deliberate way of handling similar issues. • The course of action a government takes in response to some issue or problem is called public policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Federalism and Public Policy (cont. ) • Federalism affects public policy making in two Federalism and Public Policy (cont. ) • Federalism affects public policy making in two ways: – It affects how and where new policies are made in the United States. – It introduces limits on government policy making. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

New Ideas Develop • Federalism permits states and localities to serve as proving grounds New Ideas Develop • Federalism permits states and localities to serve as proving grounds where new policies can be developed and tested. • For example, in 1976 Colorado pioneered the use of sunset laws. • Sunset laws require periodic checks of government agencies to see if they are still needed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

New Ideas Develop (cont. ) • In 1976 Florida passed a sunshine law prohibiting New Ideas Develop (cont. ) • In 1976 Florida passed a sunshine law prohibiting public officials from holding closed meetings. • Policy may also originate at the national level. • Sometimes the national government will impose new policies on states in which local pressure groups have resisted change. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

New Ideas Develop (cont. ) • In the late 1950 s and early 1960 New Ideas Develop (cont. ) • In the late 1950 s and early 1960 s, African Americans struggled to win voting and other civil rights in many states. • When state and local officials resisted these changes, African American leaders attracted national attention and support. • As a result, they were able to influence the national government to force the states to change civil rights and voting policies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Federalism and Political Parties • Rival political parties are a key element of democratic Federalism and Political Parties • Rival political parties are a key element of democratic government. • Because federalism makes victories in state and local elections possible, each political party has a chance to win some elections somewhere in the system. • In this way, federalism helps lessen the risk of one political party gaining a monopoly on political powers. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Federalism and Political Parties (cont. ) • The Democratic Party controlled the White House Federalism and Political Parties (cont. ) • The Democratic Party controlled the White House for only 5 of the 12 presidential terms between 1953 and 2000. • Democratic organization at the state and local level, however, enabled the party to win a majority in Congress during most of that period. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Political Participation • Federalism increases opportunities for citizens of the United States to have Political Participation • Federalism increases opportunities for citizens of the United States to have political participation at the national, state, and local levels. • Federalism also increases the possibility that a person’s participation will have some practical effect at any one of these levels. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Many Opportunities • Because federalism provides for several levels of government, people have easier Many Opportunities • Because federalism provides for several levels of government, people have easier access to political office. • American federalism gives citizens many points of access to government and increases their opportunities for influencing public policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Many Opportunities (cont. ) • Americans vote frequently for many state and local officials, Many Opportunities (cont. ) • Americans vote frequently for many state and local officials, as well as local issues. • Citizens may also work with interest groups to influence national policies and state and local government agencies. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Increasing Chances of Success • Federalism offers an increased chance that one’s political participation Increasing Chances of Success • Federalism offers an increased chance that one’s political participation will have some practical impact. • Most people are more likely to become involved in political activities if they think there is a reasonable chance their efforts will bear fruit. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Federalism’s Professional Politicians • Since the 1960 s more and more public policy has Federalism’s Professional Politicians • Since the 1960 s more and more public policy has been initiated by people in government service. • The great increase in federal programs beginning in the mid-1930 s called for a large bureaucracy, or organization of government administrators, to carry out legislation. • As these bureaucrats gained technical expertise, they increasingly offered solutions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Federalism’s Professional Politicians (cont. ) • Various political analysts have used the term technocracy Federalism’s Professional Politicians (cont. ) • Various political analysts have used the term technocracy to describe this kind of decision making, which is based on the technical expertise of professionals. • The increase in federal programs also changed the political relationship of state and federal officials. • As mayors and state officials sought to take advantage of the new federal programs, they needed to work more closely with federal officials. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

Differences Among the States • Federalism contributes to real economic and political differences among Differences Among the States • Federalism contributes to real economic and political differences among the states because it permits each state considerable freedom in arranging its own internal affairs. • Because states can create different economic and political environments, Americans have more choices regarding the conditions under which they want to live. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Direction of Federalism • Contemporary American federalism has experienced a dramatic shift toward The Direction of Federalism • Contemporary American federalism has experienced a dramatic shift toward the states. • Governors are demanding more responsibility, and budget pressures are acute. • At the same time the federal government is loosening regulations, it is tightening the purse strings. This has the effect of shifting the social policy agenda to the states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Direction of Federalism (cont. ) • Some political observers believe that the shifting The Direction of Federalism (cont. ) • Some political observers believe that the shifting power toward states and localities is supported by the need for community identity. • Today there is an increasing realization that state governments have talented governmental and nongovernmental advisors to offer and guide creative innovations in governing. • States are using their strengths to reshape American federalism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

How has federalism benefited the twoparty system? By providing each party with many chances How has federalism benefited the twoparty system? By providing each party with many chances for victories, federalism lessens the risk of one party gaining a monopoly. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What advantages does federalism provide a person who may be dissatisfied with conditions in What advantages does federalism provide a person who may be dissatisfied with conditions in his or her home state or area? He or she may try to change policy at a higher level of government. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Section 4 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Section 4 Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

What is the name of the Constitutional clause that resolves conflicts between state law What is the name of the Constitutional clause that resolves conflicts between state law and national law? The clause is named the supremacy clause (Article VI, Section 2). Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Which governments are responsible for creating cities and counties? State governments create cities and Which governments are responsible for creating cities and counties? State governments create cities and counties. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Who provided Americans with a lasting definition of federalism? Alexander Hamilton provided a lasting Who provided Americans with a lasting definition of federalism? Alexander Hamilton provided a lasting definition of federalism. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

How did Congress gain power to regulate farm production, child labor, wages and hours, How did Congress gain power to regulate farm production, child labor, wages and hours, and criminal conduct? Congress gained these powers through the Supreme Court’s broad interpretation of interstate commerce. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What is the major source of income for the national government? Income taxes provide What is the major source of income for the national government? Income taxes provide the largest share of federal revenue. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

How did federalism help the Democratic party survive after the Civil War? Although the How did federalism help the Democratic party survive after the Civil War? Although the Democratic party went into a period of decline at the national level, it was kept alive when Democratic candidates were successful at state and local levels. With this base, the party developed new policies and leadership to challenge the majority party. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

How does the federalist system affect political participation? It increases people’s opportunities for political How does the federalist system affect political participation? It increases people’s opportunities for political participation because people may participate or influence the government at national, state, or local levels. It increases the possibility that a person’s participation will have some practical effect. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Who pays for elections of senators, representatives, and presidential electors? State and local governments Who pays for elections of senators, representatives, and presidential electors? State and local governments pay for the elections. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

What was the main issue in the case of Mc. Culloch v. Maryland? The What was the main issue in the case of Mc. Culloch v. Maryland? The main issue in the case of Mc. Culloch v. Maryland was the question of national versus state power and which authority is supreme. The Supreme Court held that in conflicts between the national government and a state government, the national government is supreme. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Chapter Bonus Question Which state is the only one that may be divided into Chapter Bonus Question Which state is the only one that may be divided into two, three, or four states by permission of Congress? Texas may be divided with the permission of Congress. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Chapter Assessment Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide. End of Chapter Assessment Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.

Use the Mind. Jogger videoquiz as a preview, or both. Click the Videodisc button Use the Mind. Jogger videoquiz as a preview, or both. Click the Videodisc button to play the Mind. Jogger video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Click the Videodisc button to play the Mind. Jogger video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer.

Powers of the Congress Shared Powers (Concurrent Powers) Powers of the Congress Powers Denied Powers of the Congress Shared Powers (Concurrent Powers) Powers of the Congress Powers Denied to the States Powers of the Congress Admission of New States Click a blue hyperlink to select an ABCNews Interactive video segment.

Powers of the Congress Shared Powers (Concurrent Powers) This segment explores some of the Powers of the Congress Shared Powers (Concurrent Powers) This segment explores some of the areas in which state and federal governments share power. Click the Videodisc button to play the ABCNews Inter. Active™ video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Side 2 Chapter 15 Click the Videodisc button to play the video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer.

Powers of the Congress Powers Denied to the States This segment explores powers denied Powers of the Congress Powers Denied to the States This segment explores powers denied to state and federal governments. Click the Videodisc button to play the ABCNews Inter. Active™ video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Side 2 Chapter 35 Click the Videodisc button to play the video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer.

Powers of the Congress Admission of New States This segment explores admitting new states Powers of the Congress Admission of New States This segment explores admitting new states into the Union. Click the Videodisc button to play the ABCNews Inter. Active™ video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Side 2 Chapter 33 Click the Videodisc button to play the video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer.

Powers of the President Interest Groups This segment explores the role interest groups play Powers of the President Interest Groups This segment explores the role interest groups play in formulating public policy. Click the Videodisc button to play the ABCNews Inter. Active™ video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. If you experience difficulties, check the Troubleshooting section in the Help system. Side 1 Chapter 8 Click the Videodisc button to play the video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer.

Federalism According to statistics, Americans move an average of 6 times during their lives, Federalism According to statistics, Americans move an average of 6 times during their lives, often from state to state. What federal laws protect them wherever they live? If you moved to a new state, how might laws differ? The Chapter 4 video lesson The Federal System will show you more about how the powers of the federal and state governments affect your life. Click the forward button or press the space bar to access the Democracy In Action preview and activities.

The Federal System Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 Click the Videodisc button anytime The Federal System Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 Click the Videodisc button anytime throughout this section to play the complete video if you have a videodisc player attached to your computer. Click inside this box to play the preview. Click the Forward button to view the discussion questions and other related slides.

The Federal System Objectives Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 • Recognize that state The Federal System Objectives Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 • Recognize that state and local governments provide most of the public goods and services we depend on. • Understand why there are considerable variations in laws from one state to another. • Appreciate how the national government uses its financial advantage to influence state policy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

The Federal System Activity What types of policies vary from state to state? 1. The Federal System Activity What types of policies vary from state to state? 1. Emergency services 2. Environmental protection 3. Unemployment benefits 4. School curriculum 5. Driver’s license regulations Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4

The Federal System Activity Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 How can federal government The Federal System Activity Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 How can federal government influence the way state and local governments carry out public policy? Two major methods of national government influence are common: using the Constitution as the supreme law of the land to allow a federal institution such as the Supreme Court to rule on state law and practice, and using promises of funding in exchange for accepting national standards. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

The Federal System Activity Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 What are the advantages The Federal System Activity Disc 1 Side 1 Chapter 4 What are the advantages of power resting with state government or with the national government in determining public policy? The primary advantage of a powerful state government is that it is closer to the people and is therefore more likely to represent the will of the people. Proponents of powerful national government indicate that it increases the uniformity of public policy and thus is more fair to all citizens. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

End of Why It’s Important Click the mouse button to return to the Contents. End of Why It’s Important Click the mouse button to return to the Contents.

Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the United States Government: Democracy in Action Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to gov. glencoe. com

Section Focus Transparency 4 -1 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 4 -1 (1 of 2)

1. between 1960 and 1970 2. about three times larger 3. Possible answer: There 1. between 1960 and 1970 2. about three times larger 3. Possible answer: There are many more local governments than state and federal governments. Section Focus Transparency 4 -1 (2 of 2)

Section Focus Transparency 4 -2 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 4 -2 (1 of 2)

1. California, Nebraska, and Texas: no automatic cancellation; North Carolina: after two presidential elections; 1. California, Nebraska, and Texas: no automatic cancellation; North Carolina: after two presidential elections; Wisconsin: after four years 2. Wisconsin: a voter can register on election day 3. the Constitution Section Focus Transparency 4 -2 (2 of 2)

Section Focus Transparency 4 -3 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 4 -3 (1 of 2)

1. Virginia receives the largest total amount and the smallest per capita amount of 1. Virginia receives the largest total amount and the smallest per capita amount of federal aid. 2. The population of Hawaii is larger than the population of Alaska. 3. Virginia Section Focus Transparency 4 -3 (2 of 2)

Section Focus Transparency 4 -4 (1 of 2) Section Focus Transparency 4 -4 (1 of 2)

1. voting and signing a petition 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: study 1. voting and signing a petition 2. Answers will vary. 3. Possible answers: study issues, attend meetings, write letters to elected officials, volunteer Section Focus Transparency 4 -4 (2 of 2)

How the States Became States Only the thirteen original colonies that broke away from How the States Became States Only the thirteen original colonies that broke away from Great Britain and won the War for Independence started as states. They gained admittance to the Union as they ratified the Constitution; the last to do so was Rhode Island on May 29, 1790. The subsequent states began as other entities and were admitted by Congress in accordance with Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution. Most (30 states) had been territories–areas belonging to the United States but not part of any state. Much of the nation’s expansion came from adding territories by purchase, by conquest, or by treaties with France, Spain, Russia, or other former owners.

The New Deal established a precedent for the federal government’s increased role in everyday The New Deal established a precedent for the federal government’s increased role in everyday life. That precedent was expanded in the 1960 s, when recession and double-digit inflation spurred new entitlement programs during Lyndon B. Johnson’s administration. Ronald Reagan’s efforts to cut federal social programs were the first real attempts to change the direction of government since the 1930 s.

Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) This case established the foundation for the expansive authority Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) This case established the foundation for the expansive authority of Congress. The Supreme Court held that the necessary and proper clause (U. S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 18) allows Congress to do more than the Constitution expressly authorizes it to do. This case says that Congress can enact nearly any law that will help achieve any of the ends set forth in Article I, Section 8. For example, Congress has the express authority to regulate interstate commerce; the necessary and proper clause permits Congress to do so in ways not specified in the Constitution. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.

U. S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 The Congress shall have the U. S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 The Congress shall have the Power…To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.

Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) This case established the foundation for the expansive authority Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) This case established the foundation for the expansive authority of Congress. The Supreme Court held that the necessary and proper clause (U. S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 18) allows Congress to do more than the Constitution expressly authorizes it to do. This case says that Congress can enact nearly any law that will help achieve any of the ends set forth in Article I, Section 8. For example, Congress has the express authority to regulate interstate commerce; the necessary and proper clause permits Congress to do so in ways not specified in the Constitution. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.

U. S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 The Congress shall have the U. S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 The Congress shall have the Power…To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.

Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) This case established the foundation for the expansive authority Mc. Culloch v. Maryland (1819) This case established the foundation for the expansive authority of Congress. The Supreme Court held that the necessary and proper clause (U. S. Const. art. I, § 8, cl. 18) allows Congress to do more than the Constitution expressly authorizes it to do. This case says that Congress can enact nearly any law that will help achieve any of the ends set forth in Article I, Section 8. For example, Congress has the express authority to regulate interstate commerce; the necessary and proper clause permits Congress to do so in ways not specified in the Constitution. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.

U. S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 The Congress shall have the U. S. Constitution Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 The Congress shall have the Power…To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Click the Section Start button to return to the lecture notes.

End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.

End of the Slide Show Click the mouse button to return to the Contents End of the Slide Show Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.