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Chapter Introduction Section 1 Depression Hits Texas Section 2 Texas and the New Deal Section 3 Politics in the 1930 s Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives Section 1: Depression Hits Texas • Explain why the East Texas Oil Field was significant. • Summarize how the cotton crisis was resolved. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives (cont. ) Section 2: Texas and the New Deal • Specify what the New Deal offered. • Discuss how Texans cooperated with the Roosevelt administration. • Describe how rural Texans were affected by the New Deal. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Chapter Objectives (cont. ) Section 3: Politics in the 1930 s • Identify what Dr. Lawrence Nixon accomplished for African Americans. • Explain why LULAC was important for Mexican Americans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Why It Matters The 1930 s brought one of the greatest challenges to Texas and the United States since the Civil War. Ideas about the role of the government in economic matters were modified as new programs such as Social Security began. Texans provided important leadership in solving the nation’s problems.
The Impact Today • Many projects built with federal assistance in the 1930 s continue to serve Texans. Among these are the Paseo Del Rio (the San Antonio Riverwalk), the San Jacinto Monument, Buchanan Dam, and facilities at many state parks.
Guide to Reading Main Idea The Great Depression affected Texas in a variety of ways. Key Terms • stock • martial law • unemployment • economies of scale • wildcatter • law of supply and demand • Dust Bowl Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read this section, complete a table like the on page 498 of your textbook by stating how these parts of the Texas economy were affected by the Great Depression. Read to Learn • why the East Texas Oil Field was significant. • how the cotton crisis was resolved. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Section Theme Economic Factors Governor Sterling worked with Texans to limit production of certain products and crops during the Great Depression.
Emma Tenayuca Brooks Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Did You Know? • The Dust Bowl was centered where five states meet–Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. Grasshoppers ate crops down to the ground and even gnawed wooden ax and plow handles. One driver caught in a dust storm reported that the winddriven dust completely wore away the paint on one side of his car down to the bare metal.
The Great Depression Begins • In 1929, early in Republican Herbert Hoover’s presidency, the United States stock market collapsed. • Many investors, hoping to make quick fortunes, drove up the price of stock. • Some investors borrowed money heavily to buy stocks, and when stock prices fell, those investors and the banks that loaned them money were wiped out. (pages 498– 499) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Great Depression Begins (cont. ) • The nationwide crisis was called the Great Depression. • Hoover greatly underestimated the severity of the crisis. • He believed that relief efforts should begin at the state and city levels. (pages 498– 499) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Great Depression Begins (cont. ) Why did Hoover refuse to help people out of the Depression? He believed that the Depression was not very serious and that soon everything would be better. He thought relief should begin locally and not by the federal government. (pages 498– 499) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Too Much Oil • The largest oil field in the United States, at the time, was discovered in East Texas. • Drilling in the new oil fields provided high paying jobs for drillers, farmers, and timber workers. • Other businesses also benefited, and the Depression seemed far away. (pages 499– 500) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Too Much Oil (cont. ) • Hundreds of small oil drillers, or independents, in the region drilled oil wells everywhere. • Soon the East Texas Field was producing more oil than the rest of the state combined. • According to the law of supply and demand, oil prices plummeted with the glut of oil on the market. (pages 499– 500) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Too Much Oil (cont. ) • In April 1931, the Texas Railroad Commission issued an order for operators to limit production. • Independents continued secretly to pump and transport oil. • Governor Sterling declared martial law and sent the Texas National Guard, but overproduction resumed when martial law ended. • In 1935, laws succeeded in controlling production, making oil prices more stable. (pages 499– 500) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Too Much Oil (cont. ) How did the discovery of the East Texas Field, the largest oil field ever, result in the sharp decline of oil prices and profits? An abundance of oil meant that producers competed to give lower prices. Eventually, prices were so low that many independents went out of business. (pages 499– 500) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Crisis for Cotton Farmers • In the 1920 s the price of cotton declined, and the Great Depression forced the price even lower. • Stored cotton created a large surplus and further lowered prices. • The Texas Department of Agriculture urged farmers to reduce the number of acres planted in cotton. (pages 500– 501) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Crisis for Cotton Farmers (cont. ) Why did farmers fail to cooperate when the Texas Department of Agriculture urged them to reduce the number of acres of cotton they planted? As prices fell, cotton farmers needed to sell more and more cotton in order to maintain their income. If they planted less cotton, their profits would be reduced, and they would not be able to pay their bills, which (pages 500– 501) might mean losing their farms. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Dust Storms Blanket the High Plains • After railroads arrived, large ranches of the High Plains were subdivided into farms. • After World War I, when wheat prices were high, farmers tried to earn more money by planting more crops. • But, during the 1920 s, wheat prices dropped drastically from overproduction. (pages 501– 502) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Dust Storms Blanket the High Plains (cont. ) • Farmers plowed under the grasses of the plains to plant crops, but there was nothing to hold down the soil from strong winds. • In the 1930 s, a severe drought added to the problem as dust storms made the area into a Dust Bowl. • People became ill from lung diseases, and many families lost their farms because of hard times. (pages 501– 502) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Dust Storms Blanket the High Plains (cont. ) How were the economic problems of farmers similar to the problem of the oil industry at this time? Both farmers and oil producers produced more than they could sell, causing prices to drop so low that many of them had to go out of business. (pages 501– 502) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Texans Look for Answers • As banks failed, merchant associations printed coupons that could be used for money. • Many rural churches paid their preachers with food and some schoolteachers were paid with IOUs. • Large numbers of Mexicans and Mexican Americans moved to Mexico, either voluntarily or as the United States deported them. Residents of Texas and some United States citizens were forced to go when they could not prove citizenship. (page 502) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Texans Look for Answers (cont. ) How did many people cope with hard times? They helped each other by sharing with their neighbors. They paid their preachers with food and some schoolteachers with IOUs. Mexicans and Mexican Americans fled or were deported to Mexico. (page 502) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. the law applied by D government military forces in an emergency __ 2. an oil operator who B drills for wells in territory not known to contain oil __ 3. shares of ownership in A a company Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. stock B. wildcatter C. law of supply and demand D. martial law E. Dust Bowl
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 4. general economic C principle that expresses the relationship between the quantity and supply of a product and its price __ 5. the geographic area, E including the Texas Panhandle, hardest hit by the drought during the 1930 s where the soil was so dry it blew away in great clouds of dust Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. stock B. wildcatter C. law of supply and demand D. martial law E. Dust Bowl
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Reviewing Facts Where did President Hoover believe relief efforts for the Great Depression should begin? Hoover believed relief efforts should begin at the city and state levels. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Economic Factors Why did the “drop-a-crop” plan fail? The plan failed because a state court declared the plan unconstitutional. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Making Comparisons In what ways was the East Texas Oil Field different from other oil fields that had been discovered in Texas? The East Texas Oil Field produced more oil than all the fields in the rest of the state combined. The East Texas Oil Field was so large that it was named for an entire region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
TAKS Practice Organizing The Dust Bowl made life harder for people during this time period. Find three details in the text supporting this statement. Possible answers: Some examples that the Dust Bowl made life harder for people were that motorists in may cities could not see 20 feet down the street, people became ill from lung diseases, and farmers lost soil when the wind blew. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Guide to Reading Main Idea President Roosevelt helped Texas and the United States to begin recovering from the Great Depression. Key Terms • alphabet agencies • mural • cooperatives • contour plowing Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Reading Strategy Classifying Information As you read this section, complete a chart like the on page 504 of your textbook by filling in the ways the New Deal helped Texans living in rural areas. Read to Learn • what the New Deal offered. • how Texans cooperated with the Roosevelt administration. • how rural Texans were affected by the New Deal. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Section Theme Science and Technology Farmers used different farming methods to protect the land raise prices.
Texas bank, c. 1930 Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Did You Know? • In 1934, the WPA distributed food and supplies to about 70, 550 Texas families per month. It employed 87, 879 Texans including teachers, researchers for history projects, artists in the Federal Theater and Writers Project, and other programs. The WPA spent a total of nearly $80 million in Texas in five years.
The New Deal Begins • Franklin D. Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election overwhelmingly, with almost 90 percent of Texans supporting him. • Roosevelt took office in March 1933, and his reform programs were called the New Deal. • During “the first hundred days, ” he closed banks briefly to determine which were strong enough to stay in business. (pages 504– 505) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The New Deal Begins (cont. ) • Former Texas member of Congress and then Vice President John N. Garner helped push New Deal programs in Congress. (pages 504– 505)
The New Deal Begins (cont. ) Why do you think Roosevelt’s reform programs were called the New Deal? Possible answer: A new deal, a cardgame metaphor, suggests beginning again with a fresh, new set of approaches to the nation’s economic problems. (pages 504– 505) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
New Deal Programs in Texas • New agencies to deal with problems of the Depression became known as alphabet agencies because people called them by their initials. • They included the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), which gave states and local agencies funds for unemployed people. • Agencies to solve unemployment, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), provided outdoor work for young men and helped preserve the nation’s natural resources. (pages 505– 506) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
New Deal Programs in Texas (cont. ) • They developed many state parks, including Garner, Bastrop, and Palo Duro, which are all still in use. • The National Youth Administration (NYA), hired students for clerical and maintenance jobs in playgrounds, roadside parks, and highways. • The Public Works Administration (PWA) built bridges, dams, schools, and other permanent structures valuable to the state. (pages 505– 506) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
New Deal Programs in Texas (cont. ) • The Works Progress Administration (WPA) hired people to construct recreation facilities and parks. • New Deal programs involved government in the arts, supporting artists to paint murals in public buildings, theatrical and musical groups, historians, photographers, and archaeologists. (pages 505– 506) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
New Deal Programs in Texas (cont. ) How did New Deal programs benefit Texas and the country in the long run? Possible answer: Many of the construction projects have had a lasting legacy. Parks, bridges, and artworks still exist and still serve millions of people’s needs. (pages 505– 506) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Rural Texans and the New Deal • The New Deal created programs for farmers, ranchers, and other rural residents. • In one program, rural people formed cooperatives that borrowed money from the government to pay for electrification. • The government paid farmers to destroy crops in an attempt to drive up prices. • Dams were constructed on the Colorado River for electricity, flood control, and water for rice farmers. (pages 506– 507) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Rural Texans and the New Deal (cont. ) • New Deal programs tried to slow down soil erosion to help farmers in the Dust Bowl regions. • Alternately planting strips of wheat and grain sorghum protected the topsoil from being blown away. • Farmers plowed at right angles to the wind. • The federal government paid farmers to plant trees as windbreaks, and by 1938, sand dunes around Dalhart were gone. (pages 506– 507) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Rural Texans and the New Deal (cont. ) • The federal government encouraged cotton farmers to fill up gullies with brush to slow water flow downhill and to use contour plowing. • They were paid to plant crops such as clover to enhance the soil. (pages 506– 507) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Rural Texans and the New Deal (cont. ) How did the government help solve the problems of low agricultural prices? It paid farmers not to plant too many crops. With no overproduction, prices rose and farmers were able to receive more for their produce. The government’s subsidy also helped farmers get by from year to year planting less. (pages 506– 507) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Texas Centennial • Federal funds built facilities for the 1936 Texas Centennial celebration in Dallas, mainly at the 185 -acre Fair Park. • New buildings included the Hall of State and the Hall of Negro Life. • Exhibits highlighted Texas history and examples of Texas products and culture. (page 507) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Texas Centennial (cont. ) • Other celebrations included the San Jacinto Monument erected on the battlefield east of Houston, as well as museums on the Alamo grounds in San Antonio, the University of Texas campus in Austin, and at Canyon, Huntsville, Goliad, and Gonzales. (page 507)
Texas Centennial (cont. ) How did the Texas Centennial benefit the state? Texas secured New Deal funds to create cultural centers to enrich the lives of Texans. Construction of these facilities also put many laborers to work and involved many building material suppliers. (page 507) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. B __ 2. D __ 3. A __ 4. C artwork applied to a wall or ceiling plowing around the contour of a hill, rather than up and down, to conserve water government agencies that came to be known by the first initials of their names organized groups that borrowed money from the government to pay for installing electrical services (through New Deal legislation) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. alphabet agencies B. mural C. cooperatives D. contour plowing
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Reviewing Facts What percentage of Texas votes went to Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election? 90 percent of the votes went to Roosevelt. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Science and Technology How did dams built in Texas during the Great Depression contribute to the state’s economic prosperity? Building dams during the Great Depression provided jobs, lakes, electricity, flood control, and farm water. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Explaining What had been the federal government’s main economic actions before the 1930 s? The federal government’s main economic actions had been collecting taxes, minting money, and setting up courts to settle financial disputes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
TAKS Practice Supporting Generalizations Some construction projects during the Great Depression were in celebration of the 100 th anniversary of Texas’s independence. Find three statements in the text supporting this fact. New construction included: the Hall of State and Hall of Negro Life, the San Jacinto Monument, and museums at the Alamo grounds in San Antonio. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Guide to Reading Main Idea Politics in the 1930 s dealt with a variety of issues. Key Terms • pardon • strike • arbitration Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Reading Strategy Organizing Information As you read this section, complete a table like the on page 508 of your textbook outlining the significant acts of the governors in the 1930 s. Read to Learn • what Dr. Lawrence Nixon accomplished for African Americans. • why LULAC was important for Mexican Americans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Guide to Reading (cont. ) Section Theme Civic Rights and Responsibilities African Americans and Mexican Americans fought for their rights in court.
Garment worker Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Did You Know? • The San Jacinto Monument, built in 1936 on the San Jacinto battlefield near Houston, is 570 feet tall, or about four-and -a-half feet taller than the Washington Monument. The person responsible for securing the federal funds to build it claimed it would be shorter. He feared that the federal government would not provide funds for a building taller than the Washington Monument.
1930 s Governors • Miriam “Ma” Ferguson won a close election for her second term as governor of Texas in 1932. • She asked newly elected President Roosevelt for loans to help make up for lost income from lower cotton prices. • She successfully pushed for the state to allow $20 million in bread bonds to feed the poor, and she proposed an oil tax. (pages 508– 509) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
1930 s Governors (cont. ) • Miriam Ferguson’s administration, however, did controversial things, such as firing several experienced Texas Rangers and using pardon power to release criminals from state prisons. • She and the legislature struggled unsuccessfully to meet state financial needs when there was not enough money available. (pages 508– 509) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
1930 s Governors (cont. ) • James Allred became governor in 1935. • He reorganized the Texas Rangers under the Department of Public Safety. • He helped create the Board of Pardons and Paroles and teachers’ and state employees’ retirement systems. (pages 508– 509) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
1930 s Governors (cont. ) • Governor W. Lee O’Daniel, elected in 1938, campaigned around the state promising to raise pensions, abolish capital punishment, and veto any sales tax. • He won the election overwhelmingly but was not able to deliver on his promises. (pages 508– 509) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
1930 s Governors (cont. ) What reforms did Texas governors create in the 1930 s? Texas governors implemented reorganization of the Texas Rangers and creation of the Board of Parole and Pardons by James Allred. (pages 508– 509) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
African American Voting Rights • Despite the poll tax and other devices to keep African Americans from voting, some continued to vote. • In 1923, the Texas legislature passed a law declaring that only whites could vote in the Democratic Party’s primary. (pages 509– 510) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
African American Voting Rights (cont. ) • Dr. Lawrence Nixon, an African American physician from El Paso, sued in the Supreme Court for the right to vote after he was turned away at the polls in 1923. • The U. S. Supreme Court declared that his rights under the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the U. S. Constitution had been violated. (pages 509– 510) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
African American Voting Rights (cont. ) • The state continued to try to exclude African Americans from voting, saying that the party, not the legislature, had the power to determine who voted in primaries. • The Democratic Party then drew up discriminatory rules, and, in 1932, Nixon again sued and won the Supreme Court case. (pages 509– 510) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
African American Voting Rights (cont. ) How did Texas politicians respond to efforts to force them to allow African Americans to vote? The Democratic Party changed or ignored the rules. (pages 509– 510) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Mexican Americans Fight for Their Rights • The League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) founded in Corpus Christi in 1929, worked for Mexican American rights in courts, hiring, and education. • LULAC fought against school segregation of Mexican American children in Del Rio. • LULAC had chapters in many communities. (page 510) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Mexican Americans Fight for Their Rights (cont. ) How did Mexican Americans try to secure equality? They joined organizations such as LULAC so that they would have a unified, more powerful voice. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Pecan Shellers’ Strike • In 1938 about 10, 000 nut shellers, mostly Mexican Americans, went on strike in San Antonio because of inhumane working conditions. • Police arrested 700 strikers, but both sides eventually agreed to arbitration, and workers won higher pay. (pages 510– 511) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Pecan Shellers’ Strike (cont. ) What lesson can be learned from the Pecan Shellers’ Strike? By acting in unity in large numbers, laborers can achieve better conditions or higher pay. (pages 510– 511) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Miners and Farmers • During the Depression working conditions for miners and farmers worsened. • New Deal farm programs that paid farmers not to grow crops specified payment would go to landowners. • Tenants suffered because landowners no longer needed their services and dismissed them. • After the discovery of the East Texas Oil Field, low petroleum prices meant the demand for coal decreased, so miners were laid off. (page 511) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Miners and Farmers (cont. ) What do you think out-of-work tenant farmers did to make a living? They moved to cities, hoping to find work as laborers. (page 511) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. a refusal to work as B protest against the employer __ 2. to excuse from A punishment __ 3. the process of allowing C an impartial observer to resolve a dispute Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. pardon B. strike C. arbitration
Checking for Understanding (cont. ) Reviewing Facts What group supported Dr. Nixon in his lawsuit for the right to vote? The NAACP supported Dr. Nixon in his lawsuit. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Themes Civic Rights and Responsibilities Why did LULAC support a lawsuit against the Del Rio school system in 1930? LULAC supported the lawsuit because it defended Mexican American rights in education. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Evaluating Differences What were Governor Ferguson’s controversial actions involving the Texas Rangers and criminals? How did Governor Allred’s actions differ from those of Governor Ferguson? Ferguson fired Texas Rangers and pardoned criminals. Allred reorganized the Rangers and created a Board of Pardons and Paroles. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
TAKS Practice Summarizing Summarize the reasons that the pecan shellers went on strike in San Antonio in 1938. The Pecan Shellers went on strike because of unfair working conditions and wage cuts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reviewing Key Terms Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. G __ 2. J __ 3. B __ 4. I organized groups that borrowed money from the government to pay for installing electrical services (through New Deal legislation) the process of allowing an impartial observer to resolve a dispute an oil operator who drills for wells in territory not known to contain oil to excuse from punishment Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. stock wildcatter martial law Dust Bowl alphabet agencies mural cooperatives contour plowing pardon arbitration
Reviewing Key Terms (cont. ) Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 5. E __ 6. H __ 7. A __ 8. F government agencies that came to be known by the first initials of their names plowing around the contour of a hill, rather than up and down, to conserve water shares of ownership in a company artwork applied to a wall or ceiling A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. stock wildcatter martial law Dust Bowl alphabet agencies mural cooperatives contour plowing pardon arbitration
Reviewing Key Terms (cont. ) Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 9. D the geographic area, including the Texas Panhandle, hardest hit by the drought during the 1930 s where the soil was so dry it blew away in great clouds of dust __ 10. the law applied by C government military forces in an emergency A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. stock wildcatter martial law Dust Bowl alphabet agencies mural cooperatives contour plowing pardon arbitration
Reviewing Key Facts Explain how independent oil operators kept producing oil in the East Texas field after the Texas Railroad Commission issued the order to limit production. The oil operators installed fake shutoff valves on pipes, and truckers carried “hot oil” at night. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) Which governor in the 1930 s helped create retirement systems for teachers and state employees? James Allred helped create retirement systems for teachers and state employees. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) Name the U. S. vice president during the Roosevelt administration who was a former Texas member of Congress. John Garner was a former Texas member of Congress. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) Describe how cooperatives helped Texans living in rural areas. Cooperatives helped Texans living in rural areas by getting government money to bring electricity into their homes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Key Facts (cont. ) What happened when the pecan shellers agreed to arbitration? They went back to work for higher pay. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Making Comparisons How is contour plowing different from other plowing? Contour plowing helps conserve water and prevent soil erosion by going around the contours of a hill rather than up and down or in straight lines. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking (cont. ) Identifying What was the result of Jesús Salvatierra’s lawsuit against the Del Rio schools? He lost the lawsuit but showed that LULAC could be a strong voice for Mexican Americans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Use the time line to answer the question on the next slide.
1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the events on the time line? F African Americans could vote in all elections between 1925 and 1945. G The U. S. Supreme Court did not voice opinions about voting laws. H Nixon v. Herndon ruled that segregated schools were illegal. J Some African Americans used the court system to make sure they could vote in all elections. Test-Taking Tip: Read the events on the time line carefully. To summarize this time line, ask yourself how the events are similar. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
1. Which of the following statements best summarizes the events on the time line? F African Americans could vote in all elections between 1925 and 1945. G The U. S. Supreme Court did not voice opinions about voting laws. H Nixon v. Herndon ruled that segregated schools were illegal. J Some African Americans used the court system to make sure they could vote in all elections. Answer Explanation: Choice F is incorrect because African Americans could not vote in Democratic primaries in Texas. Choices G and H are contradicted by information on the time line.
What power, which the Texas constitution gives the governor, is similar to a power the U. S. Constitution gives the president? Possible answer: One power which the Texas constitution gives the governor that is similar to a power the U. S. Constitution gives the president is the power to pardon criminals. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Texas & Texans Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http: //texans. glencoe. com.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reading a Bar Graph Why Learn This Skill? Bar graphs can be used to help compare facts involving numbers. Bars, or columns, represent quantities or totals. Bar graphs can show change over time. They can compare quantities during the same time period. A bar graph might compare the number of students attending five different schools during the same year. Bar graphs have horizontal and vertical axes that describe the information. Sometimes a bar graph compares more than one set of facts. In the graph showing the oil wells of Texas, a key uses color to distinguish productive and unproductive wells. This feature is found on page 503 of your textbook. Click the Speaker button to replay the audio.
Reading a Bar Graph Learning the Skill Here are some steps to follow in reading a bar graph: • Read the title to learn the subject of the graph. • Look at the information on the axes. • Compare the lengths of the bars on the graph. • Use the information to draw conclusions. This feature is found on page 503 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Reading a Bar Graph Practicing the Skill Study the graph and answer the questions that follow. This feature is found on page 503 of your textbook.
Reading a Bar Graph Practicing the Skill (cont. ) 1. What is the subject and time period of this graph? The subject is oil wells drilled in Texas from 1889– 1950. 2. What information is represented on the two axes? The average number of wells drilled per year is listed on the vertical axis, and the years, 1889– 1950, is represented on the horizontal axis. 3. What does each color represent? Blue represents oil wells, and represents dry holes. This feature is found on page 503 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reading a Bar Graph Practicing the Skill (cont. ) 4. Why do you think the number of wells decreased from 1941 to 1950? 5. In what time period were the most dry holes drilled? The most dry holes were drilled from 1941– 1950. 6. Create your own question relating to the bar graph. This feature is found on page 503 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Miriam A. Ferguson deserves much of the credit for doing away with the Ku Klux Klan in Texas. During her campaign for governor, she promised to work for the passage of a law making it illegal to wear a mask in public. She kept that promise.
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