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Chapter Introduction Section 1 Population Patterns Section 2 History and Government Section 3 Cultures and Lifestyles Chapter Summary & Study Guide Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
Chapter Objectives • Explain population patterns found in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. • Discuss the history and governments of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. • Describe the cultures and lifestyles of the people in the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
As you read this chapter, use your journal to note the ethnic diversity of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. Record both similarities and differences among the peoples who inhabit this region.
Population Patterns Objectives • Examine how movement and interaction in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia led to ethnic diversity. • Explain how the region’s seas, rivers, and oases influence where people live. • Discuss how growing migration into cities has affected the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Population Patterns Terms to Know • ethnic diversity • infrastructure Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Population Patterns Places to Locate • Turkey • Afghanistan • Armenia • Georgia • Kazakhstan • Tajikistan • Uzbekistan • Tehran Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Armenia today is recovering from disasters that beset it during the 1980 s and 1990 s. An earthquake in 1988 devastated the country, killing 55, 000 people and leveling cities and towns. War later erupted with neighboring Azerbaijan over disputed territory. Fuel shortages, caused by wartime trade blockades and two harsh winters, created near-famine conditions.
Many Peoples Because the region is a crossroads for Asia, Africa, and Europe, its population is ethnically diverse. (pages 439– 442)
Many Peoples (cont. ) • Arabs Most people in the region are Arabs, and most Arabs are Muslims. • Both Islamic culture and Arabic, the language of the Arabs, have had a significant impact on the region. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Many Peoples (cont. ) (pages 439– 442) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Many Peoples (cont. ) • Israelis About 6. 1 million people in the region are Israelis living in Israel. • Of these, 82 percent are Jews; the remaining 18 percent are mostly Arabs. • In 1948, Israel was founded as a Jewish state. • Tensions between Arabs and Jews resulted in four wars that have brought severe hardship to the area’s peoples. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Many Peoples (cont. ) • Turks The Turks are descended from ancient Turkic peoples who migrated to Anatolia from Central Asia. • Most Turks practice Islam and speak the Turkish language. • Their culture blends Turkish, Islamic, and Western elements. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Many Peoples (cont. ) • Iranians and Afghanis Iran is home to about 66 million people, most of whom speak Farsi and are Shiite Muslims. • Neighboring Afghanistan is made up of many ethnic and language groups, most of whom practice Islam. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Many Peoples (cont. ) • Caucasian Peoples The Caucasus region is home to many ethnic groups, but most of the population is Armenian or Georgian. • Armenia and Georgia both have distinct languages and Christian cultures. • They became independent after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Many Peoples (cont. ) • Turkic Peoples The republics of Central Asia are populated by various Turkic peoples, including the Uzbeks, Kazaks, and Tajiks. • Most are Muslims, and they speak Turkic languages. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Many Peoples (cont. ) • Kurds The Kurds have a common language and culture, but they have no country of their own. • They live in the areas that surround the borders shared by Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, and the Caucasian republics. • This area is sometimes called Kurdistan. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Many Peoples (cont. ) Many ethnic groups have always lived side by side in this region. Why have these groups not been able to settle their differences? Cultural identity is very strong. No group is willing to be ruled by a group whose culture, language, and customs are different. Religious beliefs differ, and religious differences often result in serious disagreement. (pages 439– 442) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Population and Resources • Control of a Vital Resource Water has been a major issue in border disputes between Israel and Syria. • Syria wants Israel to return the Golan Heights. • Israel refuses, partly because 30 percent of its water comes from the Sea of Galilee, which is partly fed by streams beginning in the Golan Heights. (pages 442– 443) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Population and Resources (cont. ) (pages 442– 443) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Population and Resources (cont. ) • Population Growth Overall, the region’s population is growing rapidly, and the resulting unemployment causes a steady flood of migration to other countries. (pages 442– 443)
Population and Resources (cont. ) • Urbanization Population density is greatest in urban areas like Istanbul, Cairo, Tehran, and Baghdad. • Living standards are low because the population has grown too fast for housing and facilities to keep pace with needs. (pages 442– 443) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Population and Resources (cont. ) How might cities in the region solve their housing and sanitation problems? Possible answers: Get people to leave the city by moving large employers to smaller communities. Recover abandoned buildings and turn them into housing. Use international loans to improve sanitation. Start sanitation and construction projects that will solve the problem of unemployment as well as the problems of housing and sanitation. (pages 442– 443) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. the basic urban necessities like B streets and utilities A. ethnic diversity __ 2. differences among groups of A people based on their origins, languages, customs, or beliefs B. infrastructure Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Critical Thinking Comparing and Contrasting In what ways is the population of Turkey similar to and different from the population of Iran? What may account for these differences and similarities? Both are mostly Muslim, but they speak different languages and have different cultures. Most Turks descend from Turkic peoples of Central Asia. Iranians descend from the Aryans of southern Russia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Identifying Cause and Effect What historical event accounts for the large number of Armenians living outside their homeland? In 1915 the Turks killed or deported about 1 million Armenians in Turkey. Many survivors fled the country. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Predicting Consequences What might happen if Israel returns the Golan Heights to Syria? How would this affect life in Israel? In Syria? Syria would control Israel’s access to freshwater from the Golan Heights. Israel could suffer a water shortage, while Syria could gain water resources. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps Location Study the population density map below. Where are the largest concentrations of people in the region? Why are they concentrated there? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps Most people live near seacoasts, rivers, or the highlands where drinking water is available.
Applying Geography Ethnic Diversity Think about the diverse groups of people you have read about. Write a paragraph describing positive aspects of ethnic diversity in the region. Also mention any drawbacks to ethnic diversity. Possible answer: Ethnic diversity gives people of the region an opportunity for a wide exchange of ideas and customs. Unfortunately, it often creates conflict among groups. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Close Work with your classmates in groups to make travel brochures about a major city in the region.
History and Government Objectives • Name the great civilizations that arose in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. • Discuss the three major world religions that originated in the region. • Explain how countries of the region gained independence in modern times. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
History and Government Terms to Know • domesticate • prophet • culture hearth • mosque • cuneiform • nationalism • hieroglyphics • nationalize • qanat • embargo • monotheism Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
History and Government Places to Locate • Mesopotamia • Fertile Crescent • Persian Empire • Silk Road • Samarqand • Jerusalem • Makkah (Mecca) • Iraq • Iran Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Bedouins make up only about 15 percent of the total population of Southwest Asia, and their numbers are decreasing as many Bedouins move to towns to work in the oil industry. Traditionally, Bedouins lived in tents made of woven goat hair. Men and women resided in separate tents in different areas.
Prehistoric Peoples • People have been living in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia for at least ten thousand years. • Hunters and gatherers first settled in the area, and later the region’s farmers were among the first in the world to domesticate livestock. (page 446) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Prehistoric Peoples (cont. ) What is the relationship between the region’s geography and the fact that its early farmers were among the first to domesticate livestock? People living in grassland areas or along the banks of rivers discovered that grains and other vegetation could be raised for food. People gave up nomadic ways and settled in farming villages. With better food supplies and settled ways, animals could be managed for domestic use and for sale. (page 446) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Early Civilizations • Mesopotamia, the fertile area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was one of the world’s first culture hearths. • The Sumerians used irrigation for farming and made advances in mathematics and engineering. • They also kept records by using a writing system. (page 447) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Early Civilizations (cont. ) • The Egyptian civilization flourished along the Nile River and used irrigation for farming the fertile soil. • The Egyptians developed a calendar with a 365 -day year, built impressive pyramids as tombs for their rulers, and invented hieroglyphics for writing. (page 447) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Early Civilizations (cont. ) What does the development of writing systems suggest about these civilizations? Possible answers: The people must have had more than enough to eat because life was not strictly a matter of survival. The people must have been very successful at farming because they had free time to devote to the arts and sciences. (page 447) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Empires and Trade • The Phoenicians of the eastern Mediterranean developed the basis for alphabets used by most Western countries. • The Persian Empire of the 500 s B. C. stretched from Egypt to Central Asia. • Persians developed a system of underground canals that irrigated their crops. • The Silk Road was an overland trade route connecting China with the Mediterranean Sea. (page 447) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Empires and Trade (cont. ) • Many present-day cities in the region, such as Samarqand, were originally trading posts along the Silk Road. • In the 1200 s, nomadic Mongols led by Genghis Khan invaded Central Asia, establishing a vast inland empire. • The Mongols at first caused widespread destruction but later introduced such benefits as paper money and safer trade routes. (page 447) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Empires and Trade (cont. ) What effects did the Silk Road have on the region’s culture? Possible answers: The Silk Road made thriving trade possible among people of different cultures. People traveled and learned one another’s languages and customs, and some people probably settled in the countries to which the Silk Road led them. The Silk Road contributed to a blending of many (page 447) cultures. the mouse button or press the Click Space Bar to display the answer.
Three Major Religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam began in Southwest Asia. All three share many beliefs, especially monotheism. • Judaism is the oldest monotheistic faith. • The Jews trace their origin to the ancient Israelites, who made Jerusalem their religious center. • Jews eventually settled other areas, taking their beliefs with them. (pages 448– 449) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Three Major Religions (cont. ) • Christianity, which developed from Judaism, is based on the life and teachings of Jesus. • Christianity spread throughout the Mediterranean world into Asia, Africa, Europe, and eventually to the Americas and the South Pacific region. (pages 448– 449) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Three Major Religions (cont. ) • Islam is the major religion of the region. • Its followers, called Muslims, believe in one God and acknowledge Muhammad as the last of a series of prophets. • By the 800 s Islam had spread from the Arabian Peninsula to other parts of Asia, North Africa, and Europe. (pages 448– 449) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Three Major Religions (cont. ) What do these three religions have in common? How are they different? All believe in one God. Each has a holy book. All call for regular prayer, certain periods of fasting or eating special foods, observance of certain holy days, and attendance at worship services. The specific rules of each faith are different. (pages 448– 449) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Modern Era By the late 1800 s, European powers controlled much of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. European influence led to the development of an educated middle class that demanded self-rule. (pages 449– 452)
The Modern Era (cont. ) • Independence By the 1960 s most territories in North Africa and Southwest Asia had gained independence. • Countries controlled first by Russia and then by the Soviet Union did not become independent until 1991. (pages 449– 452) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Modern Era (cont. ) • Arab-Israeli Conflict Most of the region’s countries are Arab or Muslim. • An exception is Israel, founded in 1948 as a Jewish state in what was once British-ruled Palestine. • During the next 25 years, Arab opposition to Israel and Israel’s concern for its security led to conflict in the region. • In 1967, Israeli forces occupied Palestinian Arab areas. (pages 449– 452) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Modern Era (cont. ) (pages 449– 452) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
The Modern Era (cont. ) • Israelis and Palestinians Arab-Israeli conflicts forced many Palestinian Arabs to live as refugees or settlers abroad. • Palestinians today want to set up their own state in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, a goal complicated by the many Jewish settlements built in the West Bank. (pages 449– 452) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Modern Era (cont. ) • In the early 1990 s, peace talks began between Israelis and Palestinians. By 2002, however, disagreements had halted this peace process. • Palestinian militants then staged suicide bombings in Israel. • In response, Israeli forces entered Palestinian towns. (pages 449– 452) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Modern Era (cont. ) • War in Afghanistan In 2001, American and British warplanes bombed targets in Afghanistan to uproot Saudi exile Osama bin Laden’s terrorist network and the Taliban government that supported it. Anti-Taliban forces won control of most of the country. (pages 449– 452)
The Modern Era (cont. ) • Border Conflicts Disputes over borders and scarce water resources fuel conflict in the region. • In 1980 a border dispute led to years of war between Iran and Iraq. • In 1991 Iraq invaded oil-rich Kuwait, but a joint military effort of the United States and other countries during the Persian Gulf War forced Iraq to withdraw. (pages 449– 452) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Modern Era (cont. ) • Today’s Governments Eight countries in the region are monarchies, including Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Morocco. • The rest call themselves republics, but their governments range from parliamentary democracies to military dictatorships. (pages 449– 452) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Modern Era (cont. ) What is the relationship between the region’s geography, its cultural history, and the frequency of violent border disputes? Migrations and conflicts over the centuries have created diverse populations, the vast empires of the past, and the modern nations of today. Boundaries often have been imprecise, especially in remote areas, or subject to constant changes. (pages 449– 452) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. in Islam, a house of public G worship __ 2. to adapt plants and animals A from the wild to make them useful to people __ 3. Sumerian writing system using B wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets __ 4. belief in the right of each people H to be an independent nation __ 5. Egyptian writing system using C pictures and symbols to represent words or sounds Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. domesticate B. cuneiform C. hieroglyphics D. qanat E. monotheism F. prophet G. mosque H. nationalism I. nationalize J. embargo
Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 6. person believed to be a F messenger from God __ 7. to place a company or industry I under government control __ 8. underground canal used in D water systems A. domesticate B. cuneiform C. hieroglyphics D. qanat E. monotheism __ 9. a ban on trade J F. prophet __10. belief in one God E G. mosque H. nationalism I. J. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. nationalize embargo
Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions Why was the domestication of plants and animals so important for the early peoples in the region? It enabled people to settle in one area and led to the growth of cities and civilizations. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Comparing and Contrasting How are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam alike, and how do they differ? Describe the similarities and differences. Possible answer: All are monotheistic, have designated places of worship, books of scriptures, and similar origins. Differences might include that they revere different religious leaders, practice different rituals, and have different standards of behavior. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Identifying Cause and Effect What are the main causes of conflict in the region today? The main causes of conflict are religious differences, border conflicts, and competition for homelands and resources. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Maps Place Study this map of Afghanistan. What challenges might military forces face in fighting a war there? Rugged terrain hinders combat but provides hideouts for military groups. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Applying Geography Expansion and Geography Look at the map of Muslim empires on page 449 of your textbook. Consider the physical geography of the region. Then write a paragraph explaining why the locations of the three empires are similar. Possible answer: The three empires controlled the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, and the Persian Gulf, as well as the important cities of Baghdad, Makkah, Madinah, Alexandria, and Damascus. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Close Do you think North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia are still a crossroads of civilization?
Cultures and Lifestyles Objectives • Explain how religion and language have both unified and divided the peoples of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. • Describe arts that are popular in the region. • Discuss the characteristics of everyday life in the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Cultures and Lifestyles Terms to Know • ziggurat • bedouin • bazaar Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Cultures and Lifestyles Places to Locate • Qatar • United Arab Emirates Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Nearly 5, 000 years ago, thousands of laborers built the massive stone pyramids of Egypt as tombs for the pharaohs. The Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the largest, covers thirteen acres and is believed to contain over two million blocks of stone.
Religion • The great majority of people in the region are Muslims. • Most belong to the Sunni branch of Islam, which believes that leadership should reside in the Islamic community at large. • The Shia branch holds that only Muhammad’s descendants should lead the community. • Most of the region’s Jews live in Israel. (pages 453– 454) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Religion (cont. ) • Christians predominate in Georgia and Armenia; large groups of Christians also live in Lebanon, Egypt, and Syria. (pages 453– 454)
Religion (cont. ) Explain how religious beliefs both unite and divide the people of the region. People of the same faith have a strong bond, even if they are not from the same country. Differences sometimes result in conflict, either between separate branches within a religion or between people of different religions. (pages 453– 454) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Languages • Arabic is the region’s main language. • Other languages include Hebrew in Israel, Berber in southern Morocco and Algeria, Turkish in Turkey, and Farsi in Iran. • The people of Central Asia speak various Turkic languages. (page 454) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Languages (cont. ) Why is this region home to so many languages? Because the region is a crossroads between continents, it has diverse cultures. Each cultural group continues to speak its own language. (page 454) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
The Arts • Art and Architecture The region’s early civilizations built impressive palaces and temples. • Later, Muslims built mosques, and their artists produced geometric and floral designs. (pages 454– 455) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
The Arts (cont. ) • Literature Literary masterpieces from the region include poems and epics like the Rubaiyat by the Persian poet Omar Khayyam and the collection of Arab, Indian, and Persian stories known as The Thousand One Nights. (pages 454– 455)
The Arts (cont. ) • Modern literature includes novels and poems, many with themes of nationalism and the conflict between tradition and modernity. In 1988 Egyptian Naguib Mahfouz became the first winner of the Nobel Prize in literature whose native language is Arabic. (pages 454– 455)
The Arts (cont. ) Why does modern literature deal with themes of nationalism and social change? Nationalism is an extension of strong cultural identity, which is important to people in the region. The region’s traditional ways of life are being challenged by the effects of urbanization, world trade, and new technologies. Literature commonly deals with contemporary issues; it can help people come to terms with these challenges. (pages 454– 455) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Everyday Life • Home and Community Everyday life in the region has changed greatly in the last century, with improved health care, rapid population growth, and the introduction of technology. • People’s activities, however, still center on home, family, and religion. - The largest cities of the region have modern high-rise buildings side by side with small houses that are hundreds of years old. - Much of the rural population lives in stone or wooden housing, some without running water or electricity. (pages 455– 457) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Everyday Life (cont. ) - Staple foods include wheat and barley, fruits and vegetables, dairy products, lamb, and mutton. - Rural people grow their own food and shop at village markets. - Urban dwellers shop at supermarkets, but bazaars, or traditional markets, are also popular gathering places in cities. (pages 455– 457) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Everyday Life (cont. ) • Standards of Living Countries whose economies are based on oil production or manufacturing and trade are prosperous. • People in developing countries that lack these advantages often do not have access to basic necessities. (pages 455– 457) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Everyday Life (cont. ) • Education and Health Care - Most of the region’s youth–male and female– attend high school. - Some attend universities. Literacy rates in the region vary but have improved greatly in the past 20 years. - Health care has improved and expanded, but there is a shortage of hospital beds and doctors, particularly in rural areas. - Average life expectancy is low in much of the region. (pages 455– 457) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Everyday Life (cont. ) • Celebrations and Leisure Time - In all countries with large Muslim populations, a muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day. - Muslims, Christians, and Jews observe their own holy days throughout the year. - People visit with friends and family during their leisure time. - Soccer, board games, and chess are popular in many areas. (pages 455– 457) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Everyday Life (cont. ) (pages 455– 457) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.
Everyday Life (cont. ) - Muslim women have been restricted in some public activities because of interpretations of Islamic law. - Some, however, have begun to resist the restrictions. They are winning greater freedom, both in dress and in activities. (pages 455– 457) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Everyday Life (cont. ) How does the five-times-daily call to prayer affect the rhythm of everyday life in a Muslim city in the region? For the religious person, the saying of prayers at set times gives a sense of order to the flow of the day’s activities. (pages 455– 457) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Checking for Understanding Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. __ 1. a traditional marketplace C ranging from a single street of stalls to an entire city district __ 2. member of the nomadic desert B peoples of North Africa and Southwest Asia __ 3. large step-like temple of mud A brick built in ancient Mesopotamia Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A. ziggurat B. bedouin C. bazaar
Critical Thinking Making Generalizations How has religion been expressed in the arts from earliest times in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia? Religion has been expressed in the arts through religious sculpture and architecture, including temples, ziggurats, churches, and mosques. Religion has also been expressed in art and literature. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Predicting Consequences What are two possible effects of recent increases in literacy in Iran? Possible answer: Possible effects include more exposure to non-Islamic ideas and a new interest in the West, more study of the Quaran and a tightening of religious fundamentalism, and a change in the status of some groups, such as women. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Identifying Cause and Effect Why does a large segment of the region’s population live in poverty, even in oil-rich countries? Much of the population does not share in the benefits of the available natural resources, and population growth has surpassed the ability of some economies to meet citizens’ needs. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Graphs Region Study the graph of religions below. How does the percentage of Sunni Muslims compare to the percentage of Shiite Muslims in the region? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Analyzing Graphs There about four times as many Sunni Muslims as there are Shite Muslims.
Applying Geography Ways of Life Think about the language, religion, systems of education, and customs in this region. Then write a paragraph comparing the ways of life there with your own.
Close Identify changes in the ways of life of people in the region since 1900. Classify each change as generally positive or negative. Discuss differences of opinion.
Section 1: Population Patterns 439– 443) (pages Key Points • Movement and interaction of people have created the region’s ethnic diversity. • The largest concentrations of population are in coastal and river valley areas where water is readily available. • Urbanization has caused increased pollution and overcrowding, challenges that cities and regional governments are addressing in many ways. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Section 2: History and Government (pages 446– 452) Key Points • Early peoples in the region were among the first to domesticate plants and animals. • Two of the world’s earliest civilizations arose in Mesopotamia and the Nile River valley. • Three of the world’s major religions–Judaism, Christianity, and Islam–trace their origins to Southwest Asia. • After centuries of foreign rule, independent states arose in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia during the 1900 s. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles Key Points (pages 453– 457) • Islam and the Arabic language have been unifying forces in much of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. • Many people in the region speak Arabic. Other major languages in the region include Hebrew, Berber, Greek, Farsi, Pashto, Kurdish, and various Turkic languages. • The peoples of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia have expressed themselves from the earliest times through the arts and architecture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles Key Points (pages 453– 457) • Tradition, especially religious observance, plays an important role in everyday life in the region.
Reviewing Key Terms Insert the key term that matches the definition below. bazaar cuneiform qanat bedouin hieroglyphics ziggurat culture hearth monotheism 1. __________ center where cultures culture hearth developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward 2. __________ form of picture writing hieroglyphics cuneiform 3. __________ writing system developed by the Sumerians monotheism 4. __________ belief in one God Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Key Terms Insert the key term that matches the definition below. bazaar cuneiform qanat bedouin hieroglyphics ziggurat culture hearth monotheism 5. __________ large, mud-brick temple ziggurat shaped like a pyramid 6. __________ traditional marketplace bazaar 7. __________ desert nomad bedouin 8. __________ underground canal qanat Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
Reviewing Facts Section 1: Population Patterns What groups of people live in the region? Arabs, Israelis, Turks, Iranians, Afghanis, Caucasian peoples, Turkic peoples, and Kurds live in the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts Section 1: Population Patterns How has urbanization affected cities in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia? Cities have been growing rapidly as rural residents move there in search of a better life. Cities have grown too fast to supply enough jobs and housing or improve the infrastructure. Poverty, snarled traffic, and pollution have resulted. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts Section 2: History and Government What physical features allowed areas in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley to become culture hearths? Rivers, rich fertile soil, and proximity to other waterways have allowed areas of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley to become culture hearths. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts Section 2: History and Government What basic idea is shared by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? Monotheism is shared by these religions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts Section 2: History and Government In which areas of Israel do the Palestinians want an independent state of their own? The Palestinians want the West Bank and Gaza Strip areas as an independent state of their own. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles How do religion and language influence the region’s cultures? Religion and language both unify and divide the peoples of the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Reviewing Facts Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles How does tradition blend with modern ways in everyday life? Customs and traditions still survive despite contact with others through travel, trade, and the Internet. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Comparing and Contrasting How are Armenians and Georgians similar? Different? They are both in the Caucasus and were both part of the Soviet Union, but they have different religions, languages, and customs. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Critical Thinking Predicting Consequences How might the impact of new technologies affect the region’s ways of life? Technology will increase contact with other peoples throughout the world and will change lifestyles. It may also improve the standard of living. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Locating Places Match the letters on the map with the places and physical features of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. __1. Tripoli A __2. Iran F __3. Istanbul H __4. Casablanca I __5. Riyadh E __6. Israel D __7. Tehran G __8. Suez Canal C __9. Astana J __10. Cairo B __11. Kabul K __12. Uzbekistan L Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.
In the 1980 s King Fahd of this country adapted the title Guardian of the Two Holy Shrines. Which country does King Fahd rule and why is this title appropriate? King Fahd rules Saudi Arabia. This title is appropriate because both of Islam’s holiest cities, Madinah and Makkah, are located in Saudi Arabia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http: //geography. glencoe. com
The following question refers to the accompanying quotation. Read the quotation carefully and then answer the question.
1. Which of the following statements CANNOT be inferred about Saudi Arabia from the excerpt? F There is a great amount of censorship in Saudi Arabia. G People in Saudi Arabia are not interested in technology. H The Saudi Arabian government feels threatened by the impending technological revolution. J Many Internet sites are off-limits in Saudi Arabia. Test-Taking Tip Many questions ask you to identify information that can and cannot be inferred from a passage. In this example, you are asked to identify information not implied by the passage. Eliminating answers that are directly referred to in the passage helps narrow the possible choices. Ask yourself: Which of the statements are true about the passage, and which of the statements are false? Eliminate statements that you are certain can refer directly to the passage. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Proximity to water is especially important in the region because 16 of its 29 countries contain less than 10 percent arable land.
Refugees Afghanis make up the world’s largest single refugee population, with about 3 to 4 million people living mainly in Pakistan and Iran.
Decline of the Sumerians Around 2100 B. C. , after centuries of irrigation, salts began to soak down to root level and destroy crops in southern Mesopotamia. Within 400 years, the lower Tigris-Euphrates Valley was producing only one-fourth of its previous harvests. Without enough food, Sumerian cities declined.
Israel’s immigrant Jews come from many places around the world–especially Russia, Yemen, North Africa, North America, and Europe. They bring to Israel a wide mix of cultural traditions.
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Using an Electronic Spreadsheet Electronic spreadsheets are used to manage numbers quickly and easily. Formulas may be used to add, subtract, multiply, and divide the numbers in the spreadsheet. If you make a change to one number, the totals are recalculated automatically.
Using an Electronic Spreadsheet Learning the Skill An electronic spreadsheet is a worksheet for numerical information. All spreadsheet programs follow the same basic design of rows and columns. Columns, arranged vertically, are assigned letters. Rows, arranged horizontally, are assigned numbers. The point where a column and a row intersect is called a cell. The cell’s position on the spreadsheet is labeled according to its column and row. For example, the cell at the intersection of Column A and Row 1 is labeled A 1. Spreadsheets use standard formulas to perform calculations using numbers in the cells. To create an equation using the standard formulas, you should first select the cell in which you want to display the results of your calculation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Using an Electronic Spreadsheet Learning the Skill Here are some examples of equations you can build: • The equation = B 4 + B 5 applies a standard formula to add the values in cells B 4 and B 5. • The equation = B 5/B 6 divides the value in cell B 5 by the value in cell B 6. • An asterisk (*) signifies multiplication. The equation = (B 7 * C 4) + D 4 means you want to multiply the value in cell B 7 by the value in cell C 4, and then add the value in cell D 4 to the total. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.
Using an Electronic Spreadsheet Learning the Skill Because adding is the most common function of spreadsheets, most spreadsheet programs have an Auto. Sum key ( ) that you can click on to place a sum in a highlighted cell.
Using an Electronic Spreadsheet Practicing the Skill To practice using an electronic spreadsheet, follow these steps. 1. Open a new spreadsheet file. 2. Enter the information in Columns A through E as shown in the spreadsheet on page 458 of your textbook. 3. In cell C 9, use the Auto. Sum function ( ) to calculate total population in millions for North Africa. 4. Print your results and share them with the class. The total population for North Africa is 145. 2 million. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.
Maps Early Civilizations, c. 3000 B. C. Muslim Empires, A. D. 750– 1600 Afghanistan: Physical–Political Charts Levels of Urbanization North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia: Religions Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.
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