PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3 G NEXTGENERATION NETWORKS RESEARCH INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AT FRANCE UNDERTAKEN AND PRESENTED BY: RAJAN. S B. Tech (CSE) ASSISTANT SYSTEMS ENGINEER TRAINEE (RECRUITED) TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES INDIA
DYNAMIC CLUSTERING-BASED ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT IN INTEGRATED VANET-3 G HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS NETWORKS RAJAN. S B. Tech CSE (Pondicherry Engineering College, 2009) Assistant Systems Engineer Trainee (Recruited to join), Tata Consultancy Services, India TARIK TALEB, Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE Com. Soc Satellite and Space Communications Senior Researcher and Standardization Engineer, NEC Europe Networks R&D Labs, Heidelberg, Germany ABDERRAHIM BENSLIMANE, Senior Member, IEEE and Vice-Chair, IEEE Com. Soc Communication and Information Security Professor, Laboratoire D’Informatique – Reseaux et Applications Multimedias, University of Avignon, France © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION n n n n n INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF THE STATE OF ART PROPOSED VANET-3 G INTEGRATED NETWORK ARCHITECTURE DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH REFERENCES INDUSTRIAL AND ACADEMIC R&D PROJECTS SCOPES AND BUSINESS PROSPECTIVES OF BEYOND 3 G NEXT GENERATION NETWORKS © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
INTRODUCTION TO VANET AND 3 G-UMTS NETWORKS n Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET): q q q n IEEE 802. 11 p Wireless Local Area Networks Unlicensed Frequency: 5. 9 GHz Gross Data Rates: 6 to 27 Mbps Peak Radio Communication Range: 300 metres Total number of channels: 7 ; Channel Frequency : 10 MHz 3 G – Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) q q q Wide-area Cellular Network standardized by 3 GPP, operated by WCDMA Licensed Uplink Frequency: 1. 925 GHz Licensed Downlink Frequency : 2. 115 GHz UTRAN Dedicated Channel (dch 4) Data Rates: 384 Kbps (UL), 2 Mbps (DL) UTRAN HSDPA Data Rates: 2 Mbps (UL), 7. 2 Mbps (DL) Radio Communication Coverage Range : 8 to 10 km per BST © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
EXISTING INTERNET CONNECTIVITY IN VANETs n n Great deal of momentum for internetworking and providing data connectivity to VANETs Vehicular Communication is twofold: q q n Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V 2 V) Communication: Communication among vehicles by IEEE 802. 11 p radio interface Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V 2 I) Communication: Communication between vehicles and static roadside infrastructure Gateway APs using DSRC, WLAN. These Static Gateways are in turn connected to wired Internet Disadvantages of static Gateways: q q q Cost of erecting static roadside infrastructure gateways at fixed distances from one another Unsuited nature of static Gateways for infrastructure-less and dynamic VANET scenarios and multi-hop nature of communication Unfavourable during Gateway Handover due to pro-active nature of communication © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
PURPOSE OF VANET-UMTS INTEGRATION n n Provision of seamless data access and inter-networking support to dynamic, infrastructure-less VANET by envisioning VANET – UMTS integration Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (HWN): Integration of individual wireless networks for seamless connectivity with co-existence of multiple access techniques. Multi-hop Beyond 3 G Networks: Type of HWN - formed by integration of IEEE 802. 11 p multi-hop ad hoc networks (VANET) with 3 G UMTS PURPOSE: q q Coupling high data rates (IEEE 802. 11 p) with wide range of communication (3 G) facilitates extension of UMTS service coverage over VANET Configuring vehicles with UMTS UTRAN interface enables them connect to internet and serve as mobile gateways Suited for dynamic, infrastructure-less topologies and multi-hop, reactive nature of communication in VANET. Facilitation of Gateway Handover and elimination of dead spots in UMTS © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
PURPOSE OF MOBILE GATEWAYS IN VANETUMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK n n n Gateway: Dual-interfaced intermediate vehicle in VANET that enables data communication between the vehicles in the VANET and backhaul UMTS network Configuration and enabling of dual interfaces of 3 G UMTS and IEEE 802. 11 p in Gateway vehicles for serving as liaison between VANET and UMTS networks Research Objectives and related issues: q q Configuration of mobile gateways with dual interfaces of IEEE 802. 11 p and UTRAN – these two networks lie in two different spectrum regions Selection of a minimum number of optimal gateways – To avoid bottleneck at UMTS BST, save access network resources and reduce hand-off frequencies Performing Gateway Handover – to sustain UMTS service continuity and interconnectivity during loss of optimality of serving Gateway Choice of optimal Gateway Discovery Mechanism – to inform all vehicles of the multihop VANET about the Gateway. n n Pro-active (Periodic GWADV): Less Delay ; High Overhead Reactive (On-demand GWSOL): Less Overhead ; High delay © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
PURPOSE OF CLUSTERING IN VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK n n n Clustering : Grouping of vehicles based on similar characteristics to differentiate between ordinary and gateway vehicles Tendency to enhance stability of links among vehicles, essential during broadcast of control packets and advertisement messages Research Objectives and Issues: q q q Performing Dynamic clustering – To adapt to the infrastructure-less and dynamic environment of VANET Classification of vehicles – To account the various related vehicular metrics and characteristics for optimal grouping Computation of Time to Live (TTL) values – To effectively handle broadcasting of control packets and advertisement messages within clusters © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE n “ An efficient routing protocol for connecting vehicular networks to the Internet ”, S. Barghi et al. [1]: q q n “ Neighbourhood Fish-Eye State Routing ”, T. Taleb et al. [2]: q q n Selection of route with the longest lifetime to connect VANET to the wired network, by defining LET and RET metrics Stationary/Mobile vehicles and purely stationary gateway. Pro-active communication between vehicles and fixed gateways Metric information such as hop-length or path-stability of the neighbour nodes are collected with the help of routing updates disseminated to retain stability A node is a neighbour if a path with minimum reliability to the node exists. “ Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages ”, A. Benslimane et al. [4]: q q Achieves stability and reliability via efficient dissemination of alarm messages to relay nodes in risk zones Relaying performed by vehicle with minimum ‘defer-time’, which is the time for which rebroadcasting is delayed by a vehicle, receiving control packet or advertisement message © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE n “Towards an Effective Risk-Conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”, K. B. Latieif et al. [5]: q q n “A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET networks”, A. Jamalipour et al. [6]: q q n Cluster-based risk-aware collaborative vehicular collision avoidance system Clustering of vehicles based on velocities, direction of movement and inter-vehicular distances Addresses issues of path disruptions or link-breakage caused by vehicle’s mobility prior to the event’s occurrence Grouping according to the movement directions to establish stable single-hop/multi-hop paths “A Novel Multi-hop Beyond 3 G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks”, S. Rajarajan et al. [13]: q Integration of MANET with UMTS for anytime, anywhere seamless data access © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
OVERVIEW OF EXISTING LITERATURE q q q n “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, Usman Javaid et al. [16] q q n Dual-interface configuration, Multi-metric Adaptive Selection and Migration of Gateways Metrics include residual energy, UMTS signal strength and mobility speed Evaluation of the proposed AGMMB 3 G with existing HWN architectures Combines pro-active and reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms Description of advertisement interval and zone configuration, corresponding to number of hops “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, B. Singh et al. [17] q q BST handover support – based on signal strength and distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks Initiation algorithm for intersystem (i. e. 2 G GSM and 3 G UMTS) handover based on combining geographical location of mobile terminals and signal strength thresholds. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED ARCHITECTURE SGSN GGSN Internet RNC Global Servers Gateway Candidate Ordinary Vehicle Gateway BST CL 1. 1 Moving Direction CL 2. 2 CL 1. 2 3 G Active Region Moving Direction CL 2. 1 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
ENVISIONED VANET-UMTS INTEGRATED NETWORK n Individual networks in the envisioned HWN: q q n Components of UMTS network: q q n n IEEE 802. 11 p-based infrastructure-less VANET 3 G UMTS cellular network Base Station Transceiver (BST): UMTS Node B. Communication with the mobile clients via UTRAN interface Radio Network Controller (RNC): Co-ordinates radio resources for BST Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): Performs routing within the core components and network switching functions. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN): Communication with external network and performs packet-switching within UMTS IP Global servers are the data sources and vehicles are the mobile data clients One or more BSTs according to ITS system management. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
3 G ACTIVE REGION AND GATEWAY CANDIDATES n n n 3 G Active Region : Region within VANET where UMTS Received Signal Strength (RSS) is profound/intense (Greater than a pre-defined SSTh) – A portion of UMTS coverage region Gateway Candidates (GWC): Vehicles in VANET, equipped with both IEEE 802. 11 p and UMTS UTRAN interfaces, lying within or moving into the 3 G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Enabled on GWCs Ordinary Vehicles (OV): Vehicles in VANET, that are either not equipped with IEEE 802. 11 p and UTRAN interfaces, or not lying within or moving into the 3 G Active Region. UMTS UTRAN interface – Either unequipped or disabled on OVs Selection of minimum number of optimal gateways per direction to enable VANET communication with UMTS. UTRAN interface is activated only on the gateways to communicate with the UMTS BST Advantages of having minimum number of optimal Gateways: q Reduce bottleneck at UMTS BST by minimizing unnecessary allocation of additional UTRAN channels to vehicles during their short time of existence in VANET © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
DUAL-INTERFACE CONFIGURATION OF THE GATEWAY 802. 11 p NETWORK MV MV UTRAN interface 3 G UMTS UTRAN INTERFACE (DCH – IV) VANET GATEWAY BANDWIDTH 384 Kbps (UPLINK RATE) IEEE 802. 11 p INTERFACE 6 to 27 Mbps PEAK DATA RATE 1 Mbps BASIC RATE 5. 9 GHz FREQUENCY 2. 0 Mbps (DOWNLINK RATE) 0. 1 Mbps BASIC RATE 1. 925 MHz UPLINK FREQUENCY 2. 115 MHz DOWNLINK FREQUENCY © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
DYNAMIC CLUSTERING IN VANETs n n Increase in the stability of inter-vehicular links within the VANET for effective broadcasting and relaying of messages Three stages of dynamic clustering: q q n On the basis of Direction of Movement q q n Relative to the position of the UMTS BST Relative to Cartesian Space On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength q n On the basis of Direction of Movement On the basis of UMTS Received Signal Strength On the basis of IEEE 802. 11 p Wireless Transmission Range Election of Cluster Head (CH) and Computation of Time-to-Live (TTL) Grouping of Gateway Candidates (GWCs) and Ordinary Vehicles (OVs) On the basis of IEEE 802. 11 p Wireless Transmission Range q Formation of groups consisting of chain of vehicles and their one-hop neighbours. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
ON THE BASIS OF DIRECTION OF MOVEMENT -STAGE I Two phases: q Direction of movement relative to the position of the UMTS BST n q Towards the BST Away from the BST Direction of movement in Cartesian Space n n Formation of M directional groups by splitting the transmission range R of vehicles into M transmission angles (D 1, D 2, … DM) of equal degrees (360/M) Each transmission angle – corresponding to each directional group Each group characterized by vector SN = (Cos θN , Sin θN ) where θN denotes angle of inclination in Cartesian Space Usage of GPS device to determine angle of inclination θN and determine the vector coordinates (SN ) in Cartesian Space DIRECTION n DIRECTION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
n n n RSS = RSS 0 + DIRECTION n UMTS RSS – better consistency than metrics such as mobility speed Along a particular direction of movement, the UMTS RSS either increases or decreases consistently irrespective of velocity Higher speed towards the BST – higher is the rate of increase in UMTS RSS Higher speed away from the BST – higher is the rate of decrease in UMTS RSS at time instant t, towards BST: RSSt = RSSt-1 + (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a) UMTS RSS at time instant t, away from BST: RSSt = RSSt-1 - (1 – e-|vt - vt-1|/a) In general, v = vmax DIRECTION ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II DIRECTION SC 1 GWC SUBCLUST ∫ (1 – e-v/a)dv v=0 3 G ACTIVE REGION DIRECTION © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
ON THE BASIS OF UMTS RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH (RSS) – STAGE II n n Vehicles, formed in Stage I, that are equipped with both UTRAN and IEEE 802. 11 p interfaces and lying within or moving into 3 G Active Region, receive intense UMTS RSS (greater than pre-defined SS Th) and form GWC sub-cluster. UTRAN interface is enabled on GWCs, in addition to activated IEEE 802. 11 p. Remaining vehicles are OVs. Activated only with IEEE 802. 11 p interface. Slope A UMTS Signal Strength (RSS) Slope B RSS 0 v 0 Slope B Slope A RSS 0 v Mobility speed of the gateway candidates (v) MAX © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
n © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL DIRECTION n Pair of GWCs whose inter-vehicular distance is less than or equal to their IEEE 802. 11 p wireless transmission range form a new sub-cluster or join an existing subcluster if one of the GWCs is already a member of the sub-cluster Transmission Range of GWC vehicle is determined as follows: q R = Tr . (1 – Є) -where, R – Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle Tr – Peak Wireless Transmission Range of the vehicle Є – Wireless Channel Fading condition DIRECTION CLUSTERING ON THE BASIS OF IEEE 802. 11 P WIRELESS TRANSMISSION RANGE DIRECTION SC 1 SC 2 SUB- CLUSTE DIRECTION
ELECTION OF CLUSTER HEAD AND COMPUTATION OF TTL n Distributed Approach: GWC 1 and GWC 5 – Border GWCs of the sub-cluster (formed in Stage III) q Identification of borders as leading and trailing edge GWCs of the sub-cluster q Leading edge (L. E) GWC – No neighbour behind it q Trailing edge (T. E) GWC - No neighbour in front of it CH q L. E GWC communicates that its status and its GPS TTLc=2 co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front q The neighbour calculates its relative distance from L. E GWC and transmits this information along with its GPS TTLc=2 GWC 5 co-ordinates to its one-hop neighbour in front GWC 1 (R. D + GPS co-ordinates) q This continues till the information reaches the T. E GWC. The T. E GWC thus calculates its Relative Distance from the L. E. GWC and re-broadcasts this information along with its GPS co-ordinates q This continues till the re-broadcast message reaches the middle vehicle in the cluster (identified to be approximately (closest to) half of the R. D of the T. E. GWC) q Further re-broadcasting is not done and this vehicle claims itself to be the CH of the cluster q TTL (TTLc): Computed as the maximum hop distance between the CH and the border-edge GWCs q © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI-METRIC ADAPTIVE MOBILE GATEWAY MANAGEMENT n n n Gateways: Intermediate vehicles which serve as a liaison between VANET and UMTS Mobile Adaptive Gateways to support dynamic, infrastructure-less, reactive and multi-hop communication nature of GWs 3 stages of Gateway Management include: q Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Selection: n q Multi-metric Mobile Gateway Handover: n q To select minimum number of optimal CHs as Gateways, per direction, to enable VANET communicate with the backhaul UMTS network To perform handover of the serving gateway to one or more optimal gateways when the serving gateway loses its optimality Gateway Discovery/Advertisement n n To inform vehicles of the VANET about the Gateway by adopting Hybrid Gateway Discovery Computation of TTL for the CH and vehicular source in VANET © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM Begin Algorithm 1 1. A source broadcasts GWSOL message within the VANET. Dynamic Clustering is performed in 3 stages, as explained above 2. When receiving GWSOL by a vehicle If (VEHICLE_TYPE = CH or GWC) Then 2. 1. Transmit metric information of CH containing the three metrics Xi (i=1. . 3): RET with source, UMTS RSS and MOBILITY_SPEED 2. 2. Discard duplicate GWSOL messages from the same source (if any). Else 2. 3. Forward GWSOL to all vehicles in the next hop in the same direction and so on, till GWSOL reaches at least one of the GWCs in each sub-cluster, reachable from the source. End If 3. When receiving a reply, 3. 1. The source calculates the scaled metric Yi. For each metric Xi of the CH, where 1< i < 3 do: © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
![MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM If (Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then Xi – Xmin Yi](https://present5.com/presentation/0d8f277526a59767a2d705d27e8a12ff/image-24.jpg "MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM If (Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then Xi – Xmin Yi")
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM If (Xi[CRITERION] is POSITIVE) Then Xi – Xmin Yi = Xmax - Xmin Else If (Xi[CRITERION] is NEGATIVE) Then Xmax – Xi Yi = Xmax - Xmin End If End For 3. 2. The source calculates the weight of each CH by: 3 WCH = ∑( Xi[PRIORITY_FACTOR] * Yi ) i=1 4. The source determines the CH with the maximum Weight and selects it as the GATEWAY 5. The source broadcasts information about the GATEWAY within the VANET © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY SELECTION ALGORITHM 6. The GATEWAY activates its 3 G UTRAN interface in order to communicate with the UMTS BST 7. For every new ACTIVE_SOURCE do 7. 1. If ((UMTS_RSS > SSTh ) and (RET with New ACTIVE_SOURCE > RETTh)) Then 7. 1. 1. New ACTIVE_SOURCE continues with the same GATEWAY Else 7. 1. 2. Repeat Steps 1 to 5 for selecting a new GATEWAY End If End For End Algorithm 1 Note: 1. There cannot be any common GWC as a neighbour to any 2 sub-clusters - ( ab + cd ) + √( a 2 + c 2 ) R 2 – ( ad – bc )2 2. LETij = RETn-1 = min{LETi, i+1}, i = 1, …, n – 1 a 2 + c 2 a = vi cos θi – vj cos θj ; b = xi – xj ; c = vi sin θi – vj sin θj ; d = yi – yj © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
ADAPTIVE GATEWAY HANDOVER – THE PROCESS S METRIC REQUEST METRIC RESPONSE GWC METRIC REQUEST GWC METRIC RESPONSE GW CHa METRIC REQUEST METRIC RESPONSE CHa GW GWC ELECT Cha AS THE NEW GW AND INFORM VANET BY HYBRID DISCOVERY NEW GW LOSS OF OPTIMALITY © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL COMPUTATION AND COMPARISON OF WEIGHTS (FOR MORE THAN ONE METRIC RESPONSE)
MULTI-METRIC MOBILE GATEWAY HANDOVER Begin Algorithm 2 For the current serving gateway GW with respect to its sources, 1. If (SS[GW] < SSTh) Or (RET[GW] < RETTh) Then 1. 1. Broadcast METRIC_REQUEST solicitations for new gateways 1. 2. Receive METRIC_REQUEST from some CHs 1. 3. Determine Gateway-Elects as the list of CHs with the maximum weight using MMGSA, with respect to each of its ACTIVE_SOURCE 1. 4. Forward new incoming transactions to Gateway-Elects 1. 5. Use Hybrid Gateway Discovery and Advertisement mechanism to inform vehicles about the Gateway-Elects End If 2. Gateway-Elects become serving gateways and send acknowledgement to the old gateway GW End Algorithm 2 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISMS n PRO-ACTIVE q q q Periodic Broadcast of GATEWAY ADVERTISEMENT (GWADV) message by the GATEWAY Less Delay More Overhead GWADV s G W AD V GWADV GW AD V G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM. . . Contd n REACTIVE q q q On-demand Broadcast of GATEWAY SOLICITATION (GWSOL) message by Active Sources of MANET requiring data transfer Less Overhead More Delay GWSOL s G W SO L GWSOL GW SO L G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
GATEWAY DISCOVERY MECHANISM. . . (Contd) n HYBRID q q q Integration of Pro-active and Reactive Gateway Discovery mechanisms Periodic Broadcast of GWADV by Gateway and On-demand Broadcast of GWSOL by Active Sources in MANET Less Overhead Less Delay Requires Configuration of GWADV zone and time interval s G W SO L GWSOL GWADV GW AD V G © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
GATEWAY DISCOVERY/ADVERTISEMENT n n n Hybrid Gateway Discovery – combining the pro-active and reactive mechanisms for less delay and overhead CH and elected GW broadcast periodic Cluster Advertisement (CA) and GWADV messages within the cluster using the TTLc From the CA/GWADV, every other GWC within the cluster knows metric information about CH: RET with the source(s), UMTS RSS and mobility speed of VANET Now, a vehicle which wants to become a vehicular source needs to broadcast reactively the on-demand GWSOL using TTLs – Computed as maximum of the hop distances between source and its nearest GWC (one-hop further from the last OV i. e. OVn), and between the source and the first OV in the VANET, so that the GWSOL reaches the OV and the immediate GWC Sufficient if the GWSOL reaches the GWC and not CH as GWC of the cluster knows information about its corresponding CH d( s , OV 1 ) d( s , OVn ) , ( TTLs = Max ( +1)) Rs Rs © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
ILLUSTRATION OF HYBRID GATEWAY DISCOVERY IN VANET-3 G INTEGRATED NETWORK AND LEMMA n n A Vehicular source has the maximum RET with the CH of the nearest cluster Source S has RET equal to 0 with the CH of the any other clusters existing beyond the reachable cluster as there will not be a neighbour GWC between any 2 clusters. BST TTLs Moving Direction TTLc CL 1. 1 CL 1. 2 CL 2. 2 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
SIMULATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS A. NS 2 SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR VANET Parameters Values Area 8000 x 1000 m 2 Interface Queue length 20 packets Channel/ Wireless. Channel Antenna Type Antenna/ Omni. Antenna Propagation Model Propagation/ Nakagami Routing Protocol AODV Network Interface Phy/ Wireless. Phy. Ext No. of vehicles 50 Peak mobility speed 30 ms-1 MAC Interface Mac/802_11 Ext Mobility Model 300 m Peak Wireless Transmission Range 300 m UMTS RSS Threshold -94 d. Bm Interface Queue Type Queue/Drop. Tail/ Pri. Queue Transport Layer TCP/Newreno Protocol & Application Packet Size 1 KB © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
UMTS SIMULATION PARAMETERS Parameters Values Uplink Frequency 1. 925 GHz Downlink Frequency 2. 115 GHz Peak Uplink Channel Bit Rate 384 Kbps Peak Downlink Channel Bit Rate 2 Mbps Wireless Transmission Range of UMTS BST 7 km UMTS Node B – RNC Data Rate 622 Mbps (TTI: 1 ms) RNC – SGSN Data Rate 622 Mbps (TTI: 1 ms) SGSN – GGSN Data Rate 622 Mbps (TTI: 10 ms) GGSN – external IP Host Data Rate 10 Mbps (TTI: 15 ms) Node B Interface Queue Length 20 packets © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
EVALUATION PARAMETERS n EVALUATION PARAMETERS: q q q n Packet Delivery Ratio Throughput Control Packet Overhead Packet Drop Fraction Delay METRICS CONSIDERED FOR EVALUATION: q q VANET vehicular sources Mobility speed variance IEEE 802. 11 p wireless transmission range of vehicles Number of clusters in VANET at an instance © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13. 78% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 12. 07% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 18. 01% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 23. 39% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+: 18. 79%(T), 2. 96%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 22. 75%(T), 10. 65%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 16. 71%(T) 22. 2%(A) IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 24. 97%(T) 29. 45%(A) © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 11. 68 IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 2. 62 IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 16. 62 IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO: 10. 74 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 13. 22% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 8. 75% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 5. 09% IMPROVEMENT OVER DYMO : 16. 4% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
RESULTS IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 9. 17% IMPROVEMENT OVER AODV+ : 5. 67% © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
CONCLUSION AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH n n Envisioning a novel VANET – UMTS Integrated Network Architecture involving route stability, mobility and signal strength features. Dynamic Clustering mechanism to: q q n Adaptive Gateway Management to: q q q n n Group vehicles moving in the same direction Differentiate between Gateway Candidates and ordinary vehicles Enhance Stability by grouping vehicles and their neighbours into clusters Elect Cluster Head and enable CH communication with rest of the GWCs Select minimum number of optimal and adequate gateways to avoid bottleneck at BST Perform gateway handover at times of loss of optimality of the serving gateways Discover the newly-elected Gateways within the VANET To incorporate Collision Avoidance mechanism as risk-aware factor during clustering, as future work by defining a critical “inter-vehicular distance” among vehicles To enable Qo. S for differentiating services according to vehicular priorities © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. S. Barghi, A. Benslimane, and C. Assi, “An Efficient Routing Protocol for connecting Vehicular Networks to the Internet”, in Proc. 10 th IEEE Int’l Symp. on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, Kos, Greece, Jun. 2009. M. Scholler, T. Taleb, and S. Schmid, “Neighborhood Fish-Eye State Routing”, in Proc. 20 th PIMRC, Tokyo, Japan, Sep. 2009. M. Gerla, X. Hong, and G. Pei. “Fisheye State Routing Protocol (FSR) for Ad Hoc Networks”, Internet Draft draft-ietf-manet-fsr-03, Jun. 2002. A. Benslimane, “Optimized Dissemination of Alarm Messages in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANET)”, LNCS Springer Berlin/Heidelberg High Speed Networks and Multimedia Communications, Vol. 3079, pp. 655 - 666, Sep. 2004. T. Taleb, A. Benslimane, and K. B. Letaif, “Towards an Effective Risk-conscious and Collaborative Vehicular Collision Avoidance Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Nov. 2010. (to appear) T. Taleb, E. Sakhaee, A. Jamalipour, K. Hashimoto, N. Kato, and Y. Nemoto, “A Stable Routing Protocol to support ITS services in VANET Networks”, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 3337 - 3347, Nov. 2007 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. M. Heddebaut, J. Rioult, J. P. Ghys, C. Gransart, and S. Ambellouis, “Broadband vehicle-to-vehicle communication using an extended autonomous cruise control sensor”, Meas. Sci. Technol. , Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1363– 1373, Jun. 2005. M. Shulman and R. Deering, “Third annual report of the crash avoidance metrics partnership April 2003–March 2004, ” Nat. Highw. Traffic Safety Admin. (NHTSA), Washington, DC, Jan. 2005. DOT HS 809 837. C. Bergese, A. Braun, and E. Porta, “Inside CHAUFFEUR, ” in Proc. 6 th ITS World Congr, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 1999. L. Andreone and C. Ricerche, “Activities and applications of the vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to infrastructure communication to enhance road safety, ” in Proc. 5 th Eur. Congr. Exhib. ITS, Hannover, Germany, Jun. 2005. R. Kruger, H. Fuler, M. Torrent-Moreno, M. Transier, H. Hartenstein, and W. Effelsberg, “Statistical analysis of the Fleet. Net highway movement patterns, ” University of Mannheim, Germany, Tech. Rep. TR-2005 -004, Jul. 2005. W. -B. Zhang, H. -S. Tan, A. Steinfeld, B. Bougler, D. Empey, K. Zhou, and M. Tomizuka, “Implementing advanced vehicle control and safety systems (AVCSS) for highway maintenance operations, ” in Proc. 6 th Annu. World Congr. ITS, Toronto, ON, Canada, Nov. 1999. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. R. Manoharan, S. Rajarajan, S. Sashtinathan, and K. Sriram, “A Novel Multi-hop B 3 G Architecture for Adaptive Gateway Management in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks, ” in Proc. 5 th IEEE Wi. Mob 2009, Marrakech, Morocco, Oct. 2009. A. Lo, J. Zhou, I. Niemegeers, “Simulation-based Analysis of TCP over beyond 3 G Cellular Multi-Hop Networks”, In Proc 17 th IEEE PIMRC, Helsinki, Finland, Sep. 2006. F. P. Setiawan, S. H. Bouk, and I. Sasase, “An Optimum Multiple Metrics Gateway Selection Mechanism in MANET and Infrastructured Networks Integration”, In Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008. U. Javaid, D. -E. Meddour, S. A. Mahmud, T. Ahmed, “Adaptive Distributed Gateway Discovery Scheme in Hybrid Wireless Networks”, In Proc. IEEE WCNC, Las Vegas, NV, Mar. 2008. T. Murray, M. Cojocari, and H. Fu, “Measuring the performance of IEEE 802. 11 p using ns 2 Simulator for Vehicular Networks, ” In Proc. IEEE Int’l Conf. on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), Ames, IA, May 2008. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. L. E. Hodge, S. C. Ghosh, S. Hurley, R. M. Whitaker, S. M. Allen, “Coverage and Service Bounds for UMTS”, In Proc. International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications, and Systems, Yilan, Taiwan, Sep. 2008. B. Singh, “An improved handover algorithm based on signal strength plus distance for interoperability in mobile cellular networks”, In Springer Netherlands Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 879 - 887, Apr. 2007 “Overview of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems”, http: //www. umtsworld. com/technology/overview. htm K. Fall and K. Varadhan, “The ns Manual”. available at http: //wwwi. isi. edu/nsnam/ns/ns-documentation. html L. Paquereau, “A Module-Based Wireless Node for Multi-channel Multi-interface support in NS 2 – Notes and Documentation”, Center for Quantifiable Quality of Service in Communication Systems, Norwegian Institute of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway – Laurent Paquereau Edition, Mar. 2007 © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
REFERENCES 23. 24. 25. 26. N. Baldo, F. Maguolo, M. Miozzo, M. Rossi, and M. Zorzi, “ns 2 -MIRACLE: a modular framework for multi-technology and cross-layer support in network simulator 2”, In Proc. 2 nd International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and tools, Value Tools, Nantes, France, Oct. 2007. C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer. "Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing. " In Proc. 2 nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, New Orleans, LA, USA, Feb. 1999. A. Hamidian, “A Study of Internet Connectivity for Mobile Ad hoc Networks in NS 2”, Masters Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, LTH at Lund University, Feb. 2003. C. Sommer, and F. Dressler, “The DYMO Routing Protocol in VANET Scenarios”, in Proc. 66 th IEEE VTC, Baltimore, MD, Sep. 2007. © PRESCRIBED AUTHORS IEEE JSAC SI-VCN 2010 CONFIDENTIAL
INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON INTERVEHICULAR COMMUNICATION n n Allocation of spectrum for Inter-vehicular Communication (IVC) and Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE) by Federal Communications Commission Inter-vehicular Communication Projects by Governments and Industries: q q q n Toyota BMW Daimler-Chrysler Projects on Intelligent Transportation Services in IVC q q q Advance Driver Assistance Systems Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership Chauffeur in EU Car. TALK 2000 Fleet. Net California Partners for Advanced Transmit and Highways (California PATH)
INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS ON BEYOND 3 G NETWORKS n n Major R&D funding for 3 G and Beyond 3 G Networks from EU-SPICE Project, Europe – Focus upon UMTS and Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA) 3 G technology SPICE Project – European effort in Telecoms research called Wireless World Initiativ (WWI) Funding from EU’s Sixth Framework Programme for research Major Partner Industries (24) in EUROPE: q q q n France Telecom-Orange Alcatel-Lucent Nokia Siemens Networks Ericsson R&D Fraunhofer Institute NEC Europe Network R&D Labs, Germany Standardization by ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union) in association with 3 GPP
3 G IN INDIA n CDMA 2000 1 x. EVDO technology – Multiplexing technique operation for: q q n n Contrast to Wide-Band CDMA (WCDMA) – Frequency Division Duplexing 3 G and 3 G-ready service operators in India: q q n n Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) – Time Division Duplexing BSNL MNTL Tata Indicom (Tata Telecommunications – tie up with NTT-Do. Co. Mo for deploying 3 G infrastructure) Reliance Tata’s role in 3 G services – Tata Photon Plus : High-speed mobile broadband CDMA 2000 1 x. EVDO USB device for high speed data packet access/transfer upto 3. 1 Mbps (Reliance Net. Connect Plus is a competitor) TCS Innovation Labs – Convergence: R&D in UMTS, Wi. Fi, IMS, Wi. MAX, NGN
PUBLICATIONS AND HONOURS • PUBLICATION – A. Benslimane, T. Taleb, S. Rajarajan, « Dynamic Clustering-Based Adaptive Mobile Gateway Management in integrated VANET-3 G Heterogeneous Wireless Networks » , IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication (JSAC) – Special Issue on Vehicular Communication Networks, Submitted on 5 th Jan 2010 • HONOURS FROM THE INTERNSHIP: – Requested by IEEE JSAC editorial committee to be a reviewer for the journal, in the area of Next. Generation Vehicular Communication Networks. Indication from IEEE JSAC that the committee believes our paper as an expertise research work in our domain, after skimming through the paper. A big honour at B. Tech level, at the age of 21, having mentioned my designation as a student (Accepted the honour) – Secured a bi-monthly internship stipend of € 2400 Euros sanctioned by EGIDE Group of Institutions, Government of France. – Encouraged by one of the session chairs of IEEE GLOBECOM 2010 to submit the conference version of the research to have it published in IEEE GLOBECOM, Hawaii, Dec 2010. Prof. Benslimane has asked me to present the research work in GLOBECOM on behalf of our research team (-Awaiting till March for official confirmation of the invited publication) – Proposal by Dr. Tania Jimenez, Co-Author of the book – NS 2 for Beginners, to co-author a few chapters on the latest MIRACLE, UMTS and WAVE patches and simulation scripts of NS 2 due to my knowledge and experience on them (-Shelved the offer due to time constraints)
FUTURE RESEARCH INTERESTS AND PROPOSALS n Incorporating risk-aware collision avoidance in our envisioned dynamic clustering-based Adaptive Mobile Gateway Management in integrated VANET-UMTS Heterogeneous Wireless Networks n Extending our architecture and methodologies to support 4 G Long Term Evolution LTE and enable Quality of Service by Diff. Serv (Differentiating services by varying priority of the metrics considered in our current architecture) n Optimization of Next-Generation Access Networks (Multi-hop B 3 G, 4 G LTE, Wi. Max) with IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) (-Dream Research)
QUERIES? ?
THANK YOU
Скачать презентацию PRESENTATION ON THE BEYOND 3 G NEXTGENERATION NETWORKS
0d8f277526a59767a2d705d27e8a12ff.ppt