PRESENTATION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT BY BRIG Dr B

PRESENTATION ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT: BY BRIG (Dr) B. K. KHANNA, SENIOR SPECIALIST (LCD) NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

PREVIEW 1. Disturbing Trends of Disasters and their Impact on India. 2. Factors Responsible for Increasing Number of Disasters. 3. Lessons Learnt from Recent Disasters. 4. Disaster Management Cycle. 5. Hazard Vulnerability of India. 6. Disaster Management Act, 2005. 7. Charter and Vision of NDMA. 8. Organisation of NDMA. 9. National Disaster Response Force. 10. Role of Armed Forces in Disaster Management. 11. Conclusion.

DISTURBING TRENDS OF DISASTERS AND THEIR IMPACT ON INDIA

DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL DISASTERS ALASK A CHINA USA JAPA N INDIA AREA-WISE EVENTS (1975 -2001) INDONES IA

IMPACT OF MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS MEASURES ALASK A CHINA USA INDIA JAPA N INDONES IA DISTRIBUTION OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY DISASTER (19752001)

GLOBAL ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS Losses in US $ Billion 1960’s 1990’s 1970’s 1980’s PERIOD Note : 1. UN Declared the decade of 1990 -1999 as International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. 2. Losses 1995 -1999 - Developed World – 2. 5% of GDP. - Developing World – 13. 4% of GDP.

LOSSES DUE TO MAJOR EARTHQUAKES (>6 ON RICHTER SCALE) IN JAPAN & USA (2003 - 2005) No of Killed Earthquake s JAPAN Ten USA Seven Injured Houses Destroyed Damaged 34 1048 > 496 >3553 02 59 >55 >235

YEAR MAJOR DISASTERS IN INDIA : 1990 - 2005 PLACES & DISASTER LOSS OF LIVES LOSS OF PROPERTY (APPROX) ( Rs Crore) (APPROX) 1991 Uttarkashi Earthquake 2000 1993 Latur Earthquake 9500 6000 1997 Jabalpur Earthquake 200 5000 1999 Chamoli Earthquake 2000 1999 Orissa S Cyclone 9887 10000 2001 Bhuj Earthquake 14000 13400 2004 SE India Tsunami 15000 10000 2004 Assam & Bihar Floods 700 5000 2005 J&K Avalanche 350 100 2005 Mah, Guj, HP, Karnataka, T’Nadu Floods 1569 10300 2005 J&K Earthquakes 1336 1000 Total Losses of Major Disasters only 56542 64800 1. If Average Annual Lives Lost are Added, Figure Will go to More than 2. Adding Average Annual Losses, the Figure Will be More than

INDIA ECONOMIC LOSSES DUE TO DISASTERS Losses in Thousand Crores 139 % 50 % PERIOD Annual- Impact on People 1. Losses in lives - 4334. 2. People affected - 30 Million. 3. Houses lost - 2. 34 Annual- Financial Losses Percentage of Central Revenue (for relief) – 12%.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INCREASING NUMBER OF DISASTERS n Population Growth and Urban Development Practices n Climatic changes n Effect of Environmental degradation

POLAR ICE CAPS ARE MELTING FASTER THAN EVER… MORE AND MORE LAND IS BEING DEVASTATED BY DROUGHT… RISING WATERS ARE DROWNING LOW-LYING

VICIOUS CYCLE BURNING FOSSIL FUELS AND BURNING FORESTS RELEASE CARBON REDUCES OXYGEN AND INCREASES DROUGHT INUNDATING LOW COASTAL AREAS GLOBAL WARMIN G MELTING POLAR ICE RAISES SEA LEVELS NOW IT IS VERY MUCH EVIDENT THAT CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS FEED OFF ONE ANOTHER IN ACCELERATING SPIRALS OF

LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE RECENT DISASTERS

HURRICANE KATRINA DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY (US) “The country’s Emergency Operations awesome in their potential, are also frighteningly inter dependent. Locals are in charge till they get overwhelmed. Then they cede control to Feds but not entirely. The Scarier things get, the fuzzier the lines of Authority become-------Uncertainty develops at crucial moments-------Leaders are afraid to actually Lead. ---” TIME, 19 September 2005 Hurricane Impact (Law & Order) Loss of Property and Lives CHAOS Early warning Response Preparedness Fed + State Overwhelmed State 24 Federal 48 96 72 Response (Fed + State ) IN HURRICANE RITA THE FEDERAL GOVT GOT INVOLVED FROM THE WARNING

BANGLADESH - A SUCCESS STORY IN PREPAREDNESS & RESPONSE CYCLONES – AREA – COX BAZAAR 500, 000 Losse s of Lives 138, 000 127111 Even when Population had doubled 1970 1991 1994 1997 Remarks 1. Losses of lives shown for Cyclones with equal Intensity. 2. Success as a result of well defined Responsibilities and Coordinated & Efficient Response Mechanism.

Existed on Paper But, Enforcement Lacking. Most Crucial Responder NOT Formally Part of Response Plan. Technological Shortfall Many Lives Could have Been Saved.

NATURAL DISASTERS – LESSONS LEARNT 1. Mitigation Systems Require Manifold Improvement & should be “Technology Driven”. 2. Weakness in “Early Warning Systems” and Dissemination of Information to Far Flung Areas. 3. Decision to Provide Aid : (a) Slow because of Procedures. (b) Request from States not backed by Proper Assessment. 4. States Organizations – Not Geared to Guide & Receive Aid. 5. Disaster Response Resources at State Level – Very Inadequate.

NATURAL DISASTERS – LESSONS LEARNT 6. Non Availability of Specialist Equipment, (Incl Mobile Field Hospitals). 7. Assistance from NGOs NOT Coordinated & Optimised. 8. People - Principal Actors -- Focused Public Awareness Campaign a Must. 9. Post Disaster Relief & Reconstruction - Lot of GAPS. 10. Positive Lesson -- Role of the Armed Forces

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE

WHAT IS A DISASTER? DISASTER is an event which is – -generally unpredictable, -happens instantly or without giving enough time to react -affecting a large number of people, -disrupting normal life and leading to a large scale devastation in terms of loss of life and property -always finding the administration and affected people struggling to respond in the desired manner and -leaving deep socio-psychological, political and economic after effects which persist for a long time to come.

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS Ø ü ü Natural, Man-made & Humaninduced Disasters occur in varied forms n Some are predictable in advance n Some are annual or seasonal n Some are sudden and unpredictable Factors leading to a Disaster n Meteorological, Geological, Ecological or Environmental, Technological Etc.

NATURAL DISASTERS Floods n Earthquakes n Cyclones n Droughts n Landslides, Pest Attacks, Forest Fires, Avalanches etc n

TIME DURATION OF NATURAL DISASTERS Earthquakes Cyclones Floods Droughts -> -> Seconds/minutes Days Months

DISASTER MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM DISASTER MANAGEMENT MITIGATION Risk Analysis Vulnerability Analysis Hazard Assessment Risk Assessment Prevention Structural Measures Non-Structural Measures RESPONSE Preparedne Rescue ss Warning and Evacuation Planning of Disaster Response Relief Not e LONG TERM MEASURES Rehab Reconstru ct. & Recovery Being done efficiently Needs better Planning No Substantial Work done so far

HAZARD VULNERABILITY OF INDIA

EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002 Zone V “ III MM IX or more MM VIII MM VII Zone II MM VI “ I MM V or less together now make Zone II MM VI or less Area under the zones V 12% IV 18% III ~27% Total damageable ~ 57% IV V V III V

WIND & CYCLONE HAZARD ZONES IN INDIA

FLOOD HAZARD PRONE AREAS OF INDIA

LANDSLIDES ZONATION MAP OF INDIA Severe Risk Area High Risk Area Moderate Risk Area Unlikely Occurrence

1 4 10 17 3 *Even though affected only by Drought but suffers heavy Financial Losses averaging Rs. 3 to 8 Thousand Crores, Annually. *Types: Earthquake, Cyclone, Tsunami, Flood, Drought & Landslide.

DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT, 2005 “In order to Coordinate Central Govt efforts in Preparedness, Prevention, Response, Mitigation, Relief and Rehabilitation and for adoption of a Holistic Pro-active Approach to Disaster Management, a NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY has come into being by an Act of Parliament in December 2005 under the Chairmanship of Prime Minister as the NODAL AGENCY for Disaster Management in the Country. ”

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE GOVT OF INDIA PLANNING COMMISSION MHA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT OTHER MINISTRIES/ DEPARTMENTS ARMED FORCES SDMAs STATE DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE DDMAs CABINET COMMITTEE ON SECURITY NDMA / NEC DEPARTME NT OF HOME CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL CALAMITIES NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE HIGH LEVEL COMMITTEE NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRE NATIONAL CRISIS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE STATES/ UTs GOVTs. HOME GUARD MINISTRIES/ DEPARTMEN TS CIVIL DEFENCE POLICE FIRE SERVICES DISTRICTS DEPARTMENT S COMMUNITY HOME GUARD CIVIL DEFENCE LOCAL BODIES/ POLICE & FIRE SERVICES COMMUNITY

CHARTER – NDMA AND VISION

CHARTER The ‘National Authority’ shall have the responsibility for laying down Policies, Plans and Guidelines for Disaster Management for ensuring Timely and Effective Response to disasters (Both Natural & Man Made). 2. Coordinate the Enforcement and Implementation of the Policy and Plans for Disaster Management. Ensure 1. Plan Approve Coord Monitor Implementation

VISION “The National Vision is, to build a Safer and Disaster Resilient India, by developing a Holistic, Proactive, Multi-hazard and Technology-Driven Strategy for DM. This will be achieved through a Culture of Prevention, Mitigation and Preparedness to generate, a prompt and efficient Response at the time of Disasters. The entire process will Centre. Stage the Community and will be provided Momentum and Sustenance through Collective efforts of all Government Agencies and Non-Governmental Organisations.

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY CHAIRMAN (PRIME MINISTER) CABINET COMMITTEE ON MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL CALAMITIES ON SECURITY VICE CHAIRMAN POLICIES, PREVENTION, MITIGATION & PREPAREDNESS MR. K. M. SINGH Mr B BHATTACHARJEE MEMBER Mrs. P. J RAO MEMBER LT. GEN. JRB MR. M. K. MR. M. S. REDDY MR. NVC MENON MEMBER NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE SECRETARY NDMA CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC WING DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMEN T

DISASTER MANAGEMENT WING Financial Advisor Finance Accounts & Audits Policies & Plans Policies Plans Mitigation & Preparedne ss Project Formulation & Monitoring Preparedness Internation al Cooperatio n Media & Public Preparednes s Community Media & Information Preparedness

CAPACITY BUILDING, COMMUNICATIONS & NEOC COMMUNICATIONS, SYS & KM NEOC & CAPACITY BUILDING Operations & Logistics Control Room Logistics Coordina tion Capacity Building Strategic Planning & Policy Scenario Building Communications Operational Commns Logistics Network Systems & KM IT & Systems Knowledge Management & IDRN Network

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE • NDRF consists of 8 battalions, with 144 self sustaining teams for rendering effective response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster. • Four battalions are for natural disasters and four for NBC. • NBC battalions will also be trained in combating natural disasters. • The force will be equipped with State of the Art equipment and will be deployed in anticipatory manner to provide instantaneous response. • It will work under NDMA and will be located at nine vulnerable locations. • They will maintain close liaison with the State Governments and will be available to them automatically, thus, avoiding long procedural delays.

NDRF BNS – REGIONAL MITIGATION RESOURCE CENTRES (RMRCS) & TRAINING CENTRES ½ CHANDIGARH Bn GR. NOIDA Each PATNA (SSB) ½ Bn GUWAHATI KOLKATA GANDHINAGAR BHUBANESHWAR PUNE HYDERABAD LATUR NAGPUR CHENNAI LEGEND NDRF BNs/ RMRCs TRAINING CENTRES APEX TRAINING CENTRE

CONSTITUTION OF SPECIALISED SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM Team Commander (Inspector) 2 IC/ Ops Officer (Sub Inspector) Tech. Support (6) Team A (6) Team B (6) Team C (6) Team D (6) Dog Squad (3) Medical Support Team (3) Adm. Support Team (7) Total – 45 Personnel

CONSTITUTION OF SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAM FOR NBC EMERGENCIES Team Commander (Inspector) Information Officer (Sub Inspector) Tech. Support (4) Dy Team Leader (Sub Inspector) Detection & Rescue Assessment And Cum Evacuation Team (6) Rescue and Evacuation Team (6) Safety Officer (Sub Inspector) Decontamination Team (6) Medical Unit Adm. Support Team (7) Total – 45 (6)

“For Development to be Sustainable, Disaster Mitigation Must be Built Into The Planning

“EVERY DISASTER MUST BE TREATED AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO BUILD BACK BETTER”

TAKE IT ON ON DON’T PASS IT ON

HAZARD A dangerous condition or events that threaten or have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment. Hazards are basically grouped in two broad headings: • • Natural Hazards (hazards with meteorological, geological or biological origin) Unnatural Hazards (hazards with human-caused or technological origin) Natural phenomena are extreme climatological, hydrological, or geological, processes. A massive earthquake in an unpopulated area, is a natural phenomenon, not a hazard. But when these natural phenomena interact with the man made habitat, they may cause wide spread damage. Then, they become hazard

VULNERABILITY • • Vulnerability is defined as "The extent to which a community, structure, service, or geographic area is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction and proximity to hazardous terrain or a disaster prone area. “ Physical vulnerability – weak buildings, bridges, service lines, lifeline structures, production units etc. Social & Economic vulnerability Human losses in disasters in developing countries are seen to be higher when compared to developed countries.

RISK • Risk is a measure of the expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, economic activity etc) due to a hazard of a particular magnitude or Intensity occurring in a given area over a specific time period. Exposure: the value and importance of the various types of structures and lifeline systems (such as water-supply, communication network, transportation network etc in the community serving the population)

HAZARD – VULNERABILITYRISK – DISASTER

LESSONS LEARNT – HURRICANE KATRINA “ And you that Preparing, any break of time cycle Responding, Recovering and Mitigating, you are doomed to failure. And the policies and decision that were implemented by DHS put FEMA on a path to failure. ” -Michael Brown, Director, FEMA General 1. The Foremost Lesson - all Facets of Disaster Cycle should be under one Agency and not split among Multi-facet Authorities. Mitigation & Preparedness 2. State’s Sovereignty be maintained in all Phases of Disaster Cycle. 3. Creating Culture of Preparedness at Community level. 4. Integrated Approach (of the Civil and Military efforts) for Preparedness. Coopt Armed Forces in Disaster Response Plan. 5. Removal of Red Tapism and Bureaucratic Approach. US National Response Plan is elaborate but Failed to Deliver. Need to Rewrite Rationale Response Plan to include, conduct of mock drills periodically, state-of-the-art system in supply chain management of relief supplies and inventory tracking.

6. Training and Equipping of Central Response Force duly backed by trained teams from Armed Forces 7. Safe Houses. Identify shelters, for accommodating evacuees, both in Govt and Private Sector, during Emergencies. 8. Establishment of a Homeland Security University. On the lines of National Defence University, for General Awareness, Training and Research. 9. Use of Experts to find solutions to disaster related issues. Communications 10. Failure within the DHS and in Communicating Relevant Information to Public, for Early Warning, resulting in all available Federal Assets not being utilised. Need to develop a more Comprehensive Emergency Communication System, to ensure Survivability, Operability, Inter-Operability and Redundancy. Response 11. Disaster Response Group at Central level to resolve disagreements on Employment of Resources. This Group should also act as Single Window Assistance Access for public. 12. Security of Assets by employing Local Law Enforcing Force for Law and Order.

13. Coordination, between: (a) Search & Rescue and Medical Teams. (b) State and Central Response Teams (c) Local (Distt), State and Central Response Teams, to have inter-operable Communication Network. (d) At State level, Volunteer Coordinators in` State Emergency Operation Centre, for coordinating Volunteer Efforts, like Debris Clearance, etc. (e) Integrated Command at field level – local Response Units (National Guards) and Active Duty Forces (ex Armed Forces) to work in tandem. Mobile Command Field Centre near disaster site (not 80 km away in Baton Rouge like during Katrina). 14. Need for National Emergency Operation Centre at DHS to have a National Emergency Operations Centre, in addition to White House Situation Room, regardless of whether President & the Secretary DHS are in same place, to maintain flow of information from one agency. 15. Integrated Response. Civil and military assets to be combined and employed as one resource and NOT in a graduated manner.

STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1. Change of Focus from Relief Centric to Holistic Approach. 2. Mainstreaming Disaster Management into all National Developmental Programmes. 3. Empowerment of the Community to face the Disaster. 4. Emphasis on Training, Development of Human Capital and Capacity Building. 5. Key Role of Educational and Professional Institutions for Mass Education and Awareness.

STRATEGIES FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT 7. Supporting and Enabling Mechanisms for the Districts and States. 8. Failsafe Early Warning & Communication Systems. 9. Coordinated, Timely and Effective Response. 10. Involvement of NGOs & Corporate Sectors. 11. Time Bound Action Plan for Earthquakes, Floods & Cyclones. 12. Pro-active Participation at the Regional and International Level.

POLICY FORMULATION TEAM COMPOSTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Concerned Member of Authority. Concerned Ministry – Representative. Lead/Nodal Organisations/Departments Representatives. Project Team (When Study ordered on the Subject). Advisors/Experts. Leading National (Academic – IITs) Institutions. Secretarial Support 7. Additional Secretary. 8. Joint Secretary Planning. 9. DDG Strategic Planning.