PRESENT SIMPLE Subject verb BF

PRESENT SIMPLE • Subject + verb (BF) + complement • Leo and Max watch videos on youtube. • He/she/it + verb(s/es) + complement. • Patty dances ballet in an art school. • Timetables and programmes (in the future) • The bus leaves at 7 o´clock in the morning • General truths and laws of nature • Leaves fall in autumn. • Facts • Rebeca lives in Australia. • A habit or a routine • He drinks a bottle everyday. NEGATIVE FORM Subject + do/does + not + verb(BF) + complement. INTERROGATIVE FORM Do/Does + subject + verb(BF) + complement ? Spelling rules - Most of the verbs take –s speak-speaks eat-eats -Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, ch, -x or -o take -es pass-passes, washes, teach-teahes, fixfixes go-goes -Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop the y and take -ies fly-flies -Verbs ending in a vowel + y take s buy-buys

Spelling rules - Most of the verbs take –s speak-speaks eat-eats -Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x or -o take es pass-passes, wash-washes, teach-teahes, fix-fixes go-goes -Verbs ending in a consonant + y drop the y and take -ies fly-flies -Verbs ending in a vowel + y take s buy-buys

PRESENT CONTINUOUS • Subject + verb To Be (am/is/are) + main verb(ing) + complement. My father is fixing the car in the garage in this moment. - An action happening at or around the time of speaking. Jackie is watching a film now - A fixed future arrangement I’m meeting a friend at the shopping centre this afternoon. - To express anger or irritation at a repeated action, with adverbs such as always or never. She is always complaining about everything. She is never paying attention.

STATIVE VERBS • Stative verbs describe a state rather than an action: • Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, but with a diference in meaning. This soup tastes delicious! (state of good taste) She’s tasting the soup. (an action of trying) • These verbs are: - Verbs of the senses: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, look, sound, seem, appear, etc… The perfume smells nice. - Verbs of perception: know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget, etc… I understand how you feel. - Verbs which expresses feelings and emotions: like, love, hate, prefer, detest, desire, want, owe, weigh, wish, have, keep, etc… This car belongs to me.

PRESENT PERFECT - An action which started in the past and is not finished yet, continuous into the present or can be done again. • I ‘ve just started a master degree. • He hasn’t never spoke to a famous person. • They ‘ve got to India twice. • Subject + have/has + main verb(participle) + complement. • Monica has come from, New Jersey. • Already/just/yet/ever/never We have already had lunch I haven’t done my homework yet. He has just started a schooltrip. They have never visited NY city.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS - An action that started in the past and continuous up to now. Focus on the duration of the action. • I’ve been working as a teacher since 1999. • Subject + have/has + be( past participle) + main verb(ing) + complement. • The teacher has been working at the CELEX for two years. • For/Since • I’ve been waiting for you since 5 o’clock. • He has been studying English for two semesters.

WILL • We use the future simple: will + verb(BF ) for - Decisions made at the moment of speaking: I’m tired, I’ll go to bed. • Predictions about the future, based on what we think, believe or imagine using the verbs; think, believe, expect…the expressions; be sure, be afraid…. and the adverbs; probably, certainly, perhaps, etc… I’m sure he will call soon. • Promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers. Will you help me tidy my room? • Actions, events, situations which will definitelty happen in the future and which we can’t control. Jenny will be 5 years old next week.

GOING TO • For plans, intentions or ambitions for the future. She’s going to become a dancer when she grows up. • Actions we have already decided to do in the near future. Paul is going to visit his aunt this weekend. • Predictions based on what we know, especially when there is evidence that something will happen. Look out! That branch is going to fall onto the road.

PAST SIMPLE • Subject + verb (past ) + complement • They spent their summer holidays in Italy last year. • • • For an action that occurred at a definite time in the past. He finished his project at 11 o’clock. For actions happened immediately after one another in the past. She woke up and opened the window. For habits or states which are now finished. Mary played in music concerts when she was a child. Note that used to/would can be also used instead of the past simple for habits/repeated actions in the past. NEGATIVE FORM Subject + did + not + verb(BF) + complement. INTERROGATIVE FORM Did + subject + verb(BF) + complement ?

PAST CONTINUOUS • Subject + was/were + verb (ing) + complement • We were watching a horror film on TV when my mother arrived. - For an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress and the past simple for the action which interrupted it. • I was watching TV when the doorbell rang. - For two or more simultaneous actions in the past. • I was tidying my room while my sister was cooking a meal. - For an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past. (We don’t mention when the action started or finished) • At 9 o’clock yesterday morning I was driving to work.

PAST PERFECT • Subject + had + verb (participle) + complement Ann had finished her homework by 5 o’clock. - For an action which finished before another past action or before a stated time in the past. • Jenny had eaten her lunch by 2 o’clock.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS • Subject + had + been + verb (ing) + complement He had been driving for an hour before we arrived home. - To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past, before another action or stated time in the past, usually with for and since. • I had been watching TV for an hour when I remembered I had forgotten to call my friend.

THE PASSIVE VOICE • Victim + To be in appropiate tense + Main verb (past participle) + by (doer). The Times newspaper is published in London. - To put emphasis in the action more than in the doer. • The forests are being destroyed in Indonesia.

THE PASSIVE VOICE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT ACTIVE PRESENT PASSIVE S + MV(s) + O S+(am, is, are)+MV(ing)+O S+(have, has)+MV(part)+O O+am, is, are+M O+(am, is, are)+BEING+MV(pa O+(have, has)+BEEN + V(part)+A MV(part) +A ACTIVE PAST PASSIVE S+MV(past)+O S+(was, were)+MV(ing)+O O+was, were+M O+(was, V(part)+A were)+BEING+MV(part)+A S+(had)+MV(part)+O O+(had)+BEEN+MV(part)+A ACTIVE FUTURE PASSIVE S+will+MV+O S+will+(BE)+MV(ing)+O O+wiil O+ will be be+MV(part)+A +BEING+MV(part)+A S+will+HAVE+MV(Part)+O O+ will have +BEEN+MV(part)+A ACTIVE MODAL VERBS PASSIVE S+ MODAL+ MV(BF) + O O+MODAL +BE+ MV(part) S +have, has+ Full Infinitive + O O+have, has+ TO BE+ MV(part) ACTIVE INFINITIVE PASSIVE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE S+(have, has)+BEEN+MV(ing)+O O+(have, has)+BEEN+BEING+ MV(part)+A S+(had)+BEEN+MV(ing)+O O+(had)+BEEN+BEING+MV(p art) +A S+will+HAVE+BEEN+MV(ing)+ O O+ will have + BEEN + BEING + MV(part) +A

REPORTED SPEECH It is the exact meaning of what someone said but not the exact words. • When we use Reported Speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past. • Inverted commas are omitted in Reported Speech. • " That " is optional when you report an affirmative or negative sentence. • When the reporting verb (said, told, asked, etc) is in the Past, all the following verbs usually change into a past form, too.

REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT REPORTED Simple Present Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Simple Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Will Can Could Must Should/Ought to May Imperative Simple Past Progressive Past Perfect No Change Would Could No Change Had to No Change Might Infinitive

REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT Tomorrow Yesterday Here This That These Today Tonight Next Last Ago REPORTED The next day/The following day The day before The/That The Those That day That night The following The previous Before/previously

RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses. A relative clause is a part of a sentence. It specifies a fact about an object or a person. It acts like an adjective since it modifies a noun. The man who teaches history is well-known The main relative pronouns are: WHOM WHICH THAT WHOSE WHAT