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Present forms Made by Diana Yerzhina, LB 1 -11 -40
Present Simple (fact) Progressive (process) Perfect (result) Perfect Progressive (result of process)
Present Simple Tense (do+V 1) Time expressions Usually, often, always, every day/week/month/year/etc, in the morning/afternoon/evening, sometimes, rarely, at night, at the weekend, on Fridays, etc. We use it for: • facts and permanent states; • general truths and laws of nature; • habits and routines; • timetables and programs (in the future); • sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations; • feelings and emotions. Affirmative sentence Negative sentence Question Special question V 1/ V 1 -s don’t/doesn’t V 1 Do/Does V 1? Wh… do/does V 1? * Who V 1 -s?
Examples of using facts and permanent states Mark works for an advertising company. • general truths and laws of nature Oil floats on water. • habits and routines He usually goes jogging in the mornings. • timetables and programs (in the future) The plane to Madrid takes off at 6: 30 pm. • sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations Beckham wins the ball, then he crosses and Owen scores. • feelings and emotions I love Paris, because it is a beautiful city. •
Present Progressive Tense (be+V 4) Time expressions We use it for: Now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight, etc. Affirmative sentence am is V 4 are • actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking; • temporary situations; • fixed arrangements in the near future; • currently changing and developing situations; • expressing of anger or irritation at a repeated action (with adverbs such as always). Negative sentence am not isn’t aren’t V 4 Question Am Is Are V 4? Special question am Wh… is V 4? are * Who is V 4?
Examples of using actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking The kids are playing video games in the living room. • temporary situations They are painting the house. • fixed arrangements in the near future I am going to a party tonight. • currently changing and developing situations The rivers are becoming more and more polluted. • expressing of anger or irritation at a repeated action (with adverbs such as always) She is always biting her nails when someone talks to her. •
Present Perfect Tense (have+V 3) Time expressions We use it for: For, since, just, already, • actions which happened at an unstated time in yet, lately, recently, so far, the past. The exact time is not mentioned, because ever, etc. the action is more important; • actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present; • actions which have recently finished and their results are visible in the present; • talking about an experience. Affirmative sentence Negative sentence Question have/has V 3 haven’t/hasn’t V 3 Have/Has V 3? Special question Wh…have/has V 3? * Who has V 3?
Examples of using actions which happened at an unstated time in the past. The exact time is not mentioned, because the action is more important. Tom has broken his arm. • actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present Kim has been a chef since 1985. • actions which have recently finished and their results are visible in the present I have painted the kitchen. Doesn’t it look nice? • talking about an experience They have travelled through Europe. •
Present Perfect Progressive Tense (have+been+V 4) Time expressions We use it for: For, since, all morning/ afternoon/ week/ day, etc. • an action which started in the past and continues up to the present; • an action which has recently finished and its result is evident now; • expressing irritation. Affirmative sentence Negative sentence Question have/ has been V 4 haven’t/hasn’t been V 4 Have/Has been V 4?
Examples of using an action which started in the past and continues up to the present She has been typing letters for three hours. • an action which has recently finished and its result is evident now They are tired. They have been working for nine hours. • expressing irritation Where were you? I have been waiting for you for two hours! •
Resources Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley «Enterprise. Grammar 2. Student’s book» . Virginia Evans, Jenny Dooley «Upstream. Pre-intermediate B 1. Student’s book» .
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