Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Assessing the Durability and Integrity of Natural Gas Infrastructures for Transporting and Distributing Mixtures of Hydrogen and Natural Gas Gaz de France - Isabelle Alliat TNO – Jan Heerings NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)
OBJECTIVES (1/2) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 How much % of H 2 is acceptable? SAFETY = Potential leakages of H 2 and failure of gas pipes § Effects of hydrogen on the durability of materials and components used in the natural gas transmission and distribution networks and end user infrastructure § What are the H 2 leakages in steel pipes? in PE pipes? in gas appliances? § How does H 2 effect the initiation and growth of defects in pipes? In which conditions? § Has H 2 an ageing effect on PE pipes? § Etc. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 2
Transmission pipelines Potential Threats Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Combined Gas & Liquid Incidents 1990 -2001 1000 900 800 700 600 Incidents 500 400 300 200 100 0 Liquid Gas Outside Other Corrosion Malfunction Force & 3 rd Failures of Control/ (Various) Party Relief damage Equipment NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 3
Transmission pipes Threats, in more detail Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Corrosion § § § General MIC AC DC SCC Material Imperfections § Weld defects § Laminations Mechanical damage (Third party) § Dents § Gouges NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 4
Potential Effect of Hydrogen, in terms of material performance Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 What is the combination of crack size, material and loading conditions representing the maximum allowable condition to rupture? Embrittlement Material Performance Fatigue Rate How fast does a crack larger than the threshold grow ? Fatigue Threshold At what K does an existing crack start to grow ? NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 5
Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H 2 on steels Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § State of the art § Gaseous H embrittlement of steels § Degradation of steel ductility = more brittle § Easier initiation of internal cracks (with or without applied stress) § Delayed failure ruptures under mechanical loading § Reduced fatigue life § Reduced threshold stress intensity factor (KIH) for cracks initiation § Higher crack propagation rate under cyclic loading NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 6
Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H 2 on steels Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Scope = steels for pipes & welds & defects § Mechanical strength and fracture behaviour Fracture toughness Burst resistance Fatigue behaviour § Deterministic and Probabilistic Approaches NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 7
Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H 2 on steels Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 8
Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H 2 on steels Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Experimental methodology Machined sample Tile cut in the pipes NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 9
Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H 2 on steels Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Experimental methodology Part of pipes Closed-end pipes Ring Internal hydraulic pressurizatio n room Glas s cell NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 10
Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Purpose = identify the leakage of gas and assess the potential risks (safety) § Scope = PE for pipes (PE 80, PE 100) & welds (electro-fusion) § State of the art § Few works were published on H 2 permeation § Quite thin literature on ageing of PE NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 11
Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Permeation measurement § on samples & pipe sections and welds NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 12
Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § First results § Permeability a § Diffusivity NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 13
Distribution network Assess the effect of H 2 on ageing of PE Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Ageing testing § Impact of H 2 on residual properties Chemical link IRTF Macromolecular chain TREF DMTA Microstructure Macroscopic behaviour DSC SAXS Mechanical properties Permeation behaviour NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 14
Distribution network Assess the reliability of gas meters Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Purpose = identify the leakage of gas (safety) and assess the metering § Scope = domestic gas meters with polymer membranes § G 4 (up to 6 m 3/h) and G 6 (up to 10 m 3/h) § European manufacturers • Actaris • Elster • Kromschroeder • Nuovopignone NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 15
Inner grids Assess the permeability of PE Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Testing materials & devices used in houses § Scope = gas-valve combination, connection between end-using devices and house installation, and whole end-using device (like boiler) § Metals : copper, steels, cast iron, ductile iron, etc. § Polymers : PE, PVC, elastomers, etc. § This task starts at month 18 (October ‘ 05): definition of test conditions NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 16
Durability Assessment Tool Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 § Develop new software tool for predicting damage impact on pipeline strength § Verification of software simulation : estimation of lifetime of networks § User guide for operation with NG/H 2 mixtures § The results from the WP 3 “Durability” will be used in the WP 4 “Integrity” for updating the inspection, repair and integrity management tools NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 17
Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Operational Management of Integrity TNO – Jan Heerings NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD)
Balance between Integrity controlling factors Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Material Performance Mechanical loading (operations) Structural Reliability or Po. F Defect size Inspection requirements Repair requirements Changing material performance changing acceptable defect size modified operating window modified inspection & repair requirements NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 19
Potential Effect of Hydrogen, in terms of maximum acceptable defect size Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Example of typical result : NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Various safety margins 20
Inspection requirements Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Which requirements are needed ? Which improvements are possible ? MFL UT Data from GE PII NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 21
Repair requirements Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Which requirements are needed ? Which improvements are possible ? § Grinding § Weld deposit § Metallic sleeves (bolted or welded) § Composite sleeves § Advanced metallic sleeves (GE PII ESR) § Cut and replace defective section of pipe NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 22
Integrity Management Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Threat Identification Repair & Mitigation Measures Inspection & Monitoring NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Integrity (Po. F) & Consequence (Co. F) Assessment Risk Evaluation 23
Challenge in Naturalhy Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 Translation of changed material properties towards Decision-making on WHEN and HOW to INSPECT and REPAIR Main deliverables: • Improved inspection methods • Improved repair methods • Integrity Management Tool & Resource Allocation Taking account of: • Percentage of hydrogen in mixture • Material of construction • Operating conditions • Age of pipeline, historical inspection data • CP measurement data and level of protection • Coating survey measurements NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 24
Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No. : SES 6/CT/2004/502661 THANK YOU NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002 -2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 25
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