Practical Policy Change Strategies: Infusing Web Accessibility into the Organizational Environment Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Personal Information & Accessibility Specialist Client Advocacy Office Libraries, Computing & Technology Michigan State University 316 A Computer Center East Lansing MI 48824 PH: 517/355 -4500 Ext. 244 E-mail: Web: corcora 1@msu. edu http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/ Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Educational & Professional Background Degrees Business Administration, A. B. Lansing Community College Communication, B. A. Michigan State University Educational Administration, M. A. Michigan State University Meijer, Inc. - 15 years Systems Monitor, Authorized Cashier Michigan State University - 20 years Accounting, Publications, Project Management, Communications, Web Accessibility Department of Zoology, 1984 -1989 Department of Agricultural Engineering, 1989 - 1991 Vice Provost for Libraries, Computing & Technology, 1991 - 2001 Client Advocacy Office, 2001 - 2004 10 years in Web Project Management MSU Central Web Site Executive Level Web Sites: Board of Trustees and President’s Vice President for Governmental Affairs Academic Governance MSU Representative to the World Wide Web Consortium (W 3 C) Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) http: //www. w 3 c. org/WAI/ American College Professional Association (ACPA) Standing Committee on Disability Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Publications “Campus-Wide Web Accessibility Initiative: Infusion of Web Accessibility into the Computing Environment”, 2002. Submitted as part of the Budget Process (APP&R). "Accessible Web Sites: Why They're Important and Where to Begin", About Campus Journal of the American College Personnel Association (ACPA). March-April 2002/Vol 7, No. 1. Co-Authors: Charmane K. Corcoran and Shawn D. Corcoran. "Accessible Web Page Principles" (Release Date: 02/01/01) Compiled for the ACPA Standing Committee on Disability "The Intersection of Technology and Organizational Culture" published in Student Affairs On-Line, Fall 2000: Vol. 1, No. 3. , Dr. Daniel Salter, Editor. Printer friendly version: http: //www. studentaffairs. com/ejournal/Fall_2000/corcoran. htm "System Changes Invite A Second Look at Organizational Assumptions: Communication Styles Effect Organizational Implementations" February 1997 Center for Educational Networking Newsline, Vol. 4, No. 5. CEN is funded by a Michigan Department of Education Office of Special Education Services State Initiated Project Grant Awarded to Eaton Intermediate School District in Michigan. "Communication, Technology, and Multicultural Aspects of Teams and Organizational Leadership" 1996. Article. Part of the on-line version of a larger work: "The Leaderful Approach. . . An Information Resource for Leaders and Team Builders". "System Solvency and Inreach" November 13, 1993 - Contribution to MSU President Mc. Pherson's request for input regarding the formation of the MSU Guiding Principles. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
W 3 C Resources Quick Tips http: //www. w 3. org/WAI/References/Quick. Tips/ Translations of Quick Tips http: //www. w 3. org/2003/03/Translations/by. Technology? technology=Quick. Tips Policies relating to Web Accessibility http: //www. w 3. org/WAI/Policy/ How People with Disabilities Use the Web http: //www. w 3. org/WAI/EO/Drafts/PWD-Use-Web/ W 3 C Translations Listed by Languages http: //www. w 3. org/2003/03/Translations/Overview. Lang. html Evaluation and Repair Tools http: //www. w 3. org/WAI/ER/existingtools. html Alternative Web Browsing http: //www. w 3. org/WAI/References/Browsing Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Handout A braille handout was distributed and participants were asked the several questions about the handout (next slide). This allowed each participant to experience inaccessible media first hand. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Discussion 1. What went through your mind when you were passed the handout? 2. How did you feel about the situation? 3. What would you have to do if you wanted to share the handout with anyone who needed the information on the handout? Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
The Last Straw A straw was handed out to each participant. Each was asked to close one eye and read some text with the other eye while looking through the straw. The same questions were asked as in the previous slide. This demonstration graphically shows how web accessibility is not just about people who are blind. There a number of other disabilities that affect Web use. Compliments to Shawn Lawton-Henry, W 3 C Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Who is Affected by My Choices? Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Meanings & Principles Meanings are *In* People What Accessible and Usable Means Depends on the User i. e. Ask several people what they think of when they hear the word “cap”. W 3 C Guidelines help us Design for the… Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
“Infusing" Policy Infuse - Tea is Infused by… 1. Introduce the Tea to the Water 2. Let it Steep - Allow time for the Color to Merge with the Water 3. Stir in Cream and Sugar, if Desired 4. Enjoy Infuse - Policy is Infused by… 1. Introduce the Policy to the Organization involving the Organization in Policy Development 2. Let it Steep - Allow time to have the Policy be Absorbed by the Organization 3. Tweak the Procedures to Accommodate the Policy - Add Training and Companion Web Development Tools and Structures 4. Enjoy the Positive Benefits Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Infusing Policy: Gaining Organizational Compliance and Creating an Environment for Accessible Design Assistive Technology Advisory Committee Access to Jaws in all Microlabs Web Accessibility Web Site Representation on the W 3 C Web Accessibility Initiative SBC Lecturer (formerly Ameritech Lecturer) LCTTP Classes - Web Accessibility Incremental Plan for Accessibility Testing across the Organization - “Infusion of Web Accessibility into the University Computing Environment”, Corcoran 2002 Research and Discussion of Existing External Policies and Guidelines Developing the Statement of Encouragement Development of LIFT Profiles LCTTP Classes Integrating Web Accessibility across the Curriculum Accessibility and Usability Lab Accessibility and Usability Conference Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
MSU Statement of Encouragement The World Wide Web is playing an expanding role in communication, education, and community-building. Michigan State University is committed to maximizing ability and opportunity for full participation by persons with disabilities. Students, faculty, staff, and organizational units producing content for the World Wide Web are strongly encouraged to apply principles of Web accessibility as set forth by the World Wide Web Consortium wherever possible in the design and implementation, and in the renewal or replacement, of their Web content. Programs and services offered over the World Wide Web that do not meet Web accessibility standards must offer comparable non-Web based programs and services for qualified individuals with disabilities. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Infusing versus Mandating Policy “Central to MSU's Approach is that Organizations Need to be Mindful of Practical Approaches to Policy Introduction or Change. Our Interest in Our Statement of Encouragement Approach Over an Approach of a Policy Regarding Accessibility Standards is that the Latter would have Mandated, or had the appearance of Mandating, Changes to all University Web Pages. Mandating is Impractical in Terms of Staff Resources and Expense. Instead, We have Stated the Value and Importance We Place on Accessibility, and Continue to Work to Get People to Improve the Accessibility of Web Design at Every Opportunity. ” David Gift Vice Provost for Libraries, Computing & Technology Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Story of the Little Boy Several times a little boy was directed by his parent to sit down rather than stand on his chair. Each time the boy refused. Finally, he sat down but proclaimed defiantly, “I may be sitting on the outside but I am standing up on the inside. ” My conclusion is that mandating policy will trigger this kind of response. Infusing avoids triggering this kind of response when introducing new policies. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Makes Sense to Us Infusing policy into an organization is not mandating change on the outside. Instead, it is laying a framework for a change in the way we think about and do our work so that we can elect to do the right thing because it makes sense to us. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Promote a Project Design Process with Accessibility and Usability from the Beginning of the Design Project Repairing Web Sites is More Costly in Time and Effort Design with the Broadest Possible Audience in Mind at the Beginning Avoids the Cost of Repairing or Redesigning Later When this is an Organizational Value, Everyone Wins The Organization Saves Money in the Design and Maintenance of Web Projects Employees as well as External Users have a Greater Ease in Using Your Sites Extends Market Reach to Untapped Segments Gain a Positive Reputation for Social Responsibility and Valuable Market Share by Word-of-Mouth Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Myth Busting It is possible to create an accessible and usable site with an aesthetically pleasing design. Design for the “broadest possible audience” not just people who are blind Design aesthetically pleasing sites can be accessible and useable Refrain from using Text only pages - they are NOT desired by people who have disabilities Designers and Web Coders need to understand each other’s work and cooperate from the beginning of the project in a way that factors in accessibility and usability in every phase of the project. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Practical Balance There is a bottom limit to central computing support that needs to be set institutionally. (This is the practical, business side. ) Within that framework, we aspire to make our sites as accessible as possible. At the same time, we attempt to make the visual presentation as appealing as possible while supporting internal institutional guidelines on the use of logos etc. These elements do not have to be mutually exclusive or preclude us from using W 3 C Web Accessibility standards. Our institutional “Statement of Encouragement” states that all new and updated sites will be created using the W 3 C Web Accessibility standards as much as possible. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Assumptions Related Core Values within the Institution “Most organizational systems today are in the midst of change, implementing teams, planning new organizational systems or introducing new forms of technology. Creating shared meaning and vision is at the crux of successful organizational change. ” (Corcoran 2000) Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Affecting the Culture of the Organization Implementing Web Accessibility and Usability features will inevitably affect the culture of the organization. What will we value? Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
“The Intersection of Technology and Organizational Culture” “Implementation of new technology forces change. We adopt new technologies to enhance our core work functions, affecting related policies, administrative functions, and inevitably every component of the organization. For educational institutions, this outcome is due in part to pressures to integrate technology for teaching and learning, and to provide related services and training for faculty, staff, and students. With this all-consuming project comes the need to protect privacy and intellectual property, ensure data integrity, and maintain civility on the Internet and in the organization. The transforming power of technology goes beyond the "what we do" to the "who we are" as individuals and as an organization. ” (Corcoran 2000) Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
“The Intersection of Technology and Organizational Culture” Continued “Implementation of new technology is perpetual, affecting decision-making on multiple levels. Organizational culture and the type of leadership exercised have significant impact on how we respond to change and technology implementation strategies. The answer to "What are we as leaders going to attend to? " has a significant effect on organizational culture. ” “When we focus only on the technology without attending to cultural and personal elements, we fail in both arenas. Constant flux has become the nature of technology and our organizations. Where the decisionmaking processes are attentive to the people-side and cross-functional nature of all endeavors, our viability is enhanced. It also facilitates compliance when initiating new technology and the related policies. (Corcoran 2000) Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
“The Intersection of Technology and Organizational Culture” (Corcoran 2000) Continued James O'Toole (1996) said: “. . . treating people with respect is what moral leadership is about, and nothing could be harder. But when there is organizational or social necessity for change, nothing can be more practical. “ Peter Block (1993) spoke of stewardship as a central value to leadership: “Part of the meaning of stewardship is to hold in trust the well-being of some larger entity - our organizations, our community, . . . placing service ahead of control. . . There is humility in stewardship, it evokes images of service. Service is central to the idea of stewardship. (p. 41) ” Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
“The Intersection of Technology and Organizational Culture” (Corcoran 2000) Continued “To communicate the value of web accessible design at the institutional level, it is necessary to have some formal adoption of intent. The institution needs to intend to make sites accessible or accessible web design will never occur. In addition to institutional intent, there must be shared understanding of that intent. ” “This is where stewardship and true leadership comes in. It is one thing to create a list of rules to follow. It is entirely different to attend to how we communicate about those rules and how the principles will be implemented while keeping the needs of real people in mind. It is good to provide accessible websites for those with disabilities. It is good to provide websites that are accessible for those with lower end browsers and hardware. What is even more precious to the organization is how those who do the work and those who oversee the institution are able to absorb the core principles of accessibility. ” Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Organizational Communication All this requires communication with the organization as a whole. Not just a select few. That communication of core values requires several things: Executive and administrative support Providing examples of successful sites Providing resource information for administrators and web developers Providing training resources for web coders and graphic designers Providing validation resources and information for web developers Providing contact people for troubleshooting Have easy access to tools, information, institutional guidelines Having and actively pursuing a plan for infusing web accessibility into the computing environment of the organization Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Stewardship If we attend to the "who", we will better be able to handle the "do". As significant technology issues develop and new technology services evolve, adopting a stewardship frame contributes significantly to the success of our institutions, allowing us to better represent and serve our diverse populations. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Impact on How We Do Our Work - The Project Team These things address the organizational culture and the campus computing environment, but what about the web development team. How do these organizational assumptions translate into the development environment? Can we foster a team that can “think, create, and code” accessibility in a cooperative way? Can the trade offs become challenges that inspire innovation? The Client Advocacy Office (CAO) Web Development team addressed those issues. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Developing the Relationship between the Web Coder and the Graphic Designers To provide a voice for accessibility in our computing environment, we need to ensure that the institutional assumptions about accessibility are fully factored into our organization, providing awareness throughout the process of design, implementation, measurement, and evaluation. Web coders and web designers in the past have been in the middle of the tug of war between accessible coding and a visually pleasing web design. Often the need for accessibility seemed to limit the flexibility of the graphic designer. It was much like accountants and computer geeks in the 1980’s. They didn’t know how to talk to each other. Few people understood both professional “languages” so there was little crossover technology. Nowadays, the computer people and the accounting people have lots of cross-over software that is even user-friendly for people who know neither profession but want to balance their personal financial accounts. The same metamorphosis can begin to occur with web coders and graphic designers. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Developing the Relationship between the Web Coder and the Graphic Designers (Continued) We need to communicate to individual clients why we function under the assumptions we have and that success cannot be measured by anything less. Setting up a web development team is those assumptions are equally important. When we attempt to set up a team that does accessible design, we need to assure that we acknowledge the impact that accessibility will have on the institution, the team, and the clients they serve. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
The Challenge Learn about accessibility and how to develop a website that maximized accessibility while creating a pleasant look Learn how your skills must work with the other person’s skills to accomplish that task Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Some of the Things Learned Graphic Designer’s Comments (Vincent Corcoran) General Comments Learn about accessibility Understand web coding parameters for accessibility Learn and understand you/graphics designer are the most important and the least important - If you don’t do your job, there is no draw to the site At the same time - you just make pictures, i. e. Painting a new house Do design to fit how things work, i. e. Compress images - save for the web. - Think ahead. Be flexible Communication - Honesty When you have to wait for the approval structure and you know you can put up a site in less than 8 hours - Can do anything in a day and make it better Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Some of the Things Learned (Graphic Designer Cont. ) Design Know what is possible Just changing colors isn’t an easy item necessarily Ability to see, from the coders point of view , what it will take to make your image expandable Each member of the team be able to see from the other members point of view Tweaking is the “norm” - Not a perfect final design on first draft Each person knowing their program well - Photo. Shop, MX, Illustrator. i. e. Save for web. . . was afraid to do that Project Manager/editor - who is in charge should have a basic understanding of both sides of the coin Establish a Project plan - a general way to do things Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Some of the Things Learned (Graphic Designer Cont. ) Design (Cont. ) Talk to the client 3 options distinct, critique Text stuff still part of the process Could use one more person for content: Graphics designer, web coder, and a content handler Cover with client how to prepare their documents - lost time Evaluation Designing graphics that will pass evaluations/validations Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Some of the Things Learned Web Coder’s Comments General Comments (Justin Thorp) Be flexible Pace of person on the other end might not be the same Communication remotely is different Balancing all the components - when added graphics add so much more to the sight (personal experience) Dealing with clients Make sure everyone understands the process it takes to do the other person’s job Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Some of the Things Learned (Web Coder Cont. ) Design Thinking about others who might be looking at the site - short sighted to assume everyone sees what you see I. e. Someone may be looking at it 2 a. m. In the morning and lacking alertness, aging eye sight, not just blindness Concept of the whole process up front, what the roles are Aesthetics & Usability Functional - if it doesn’t look good, no one will want to visit the site Easier to work with Vincent because we now share the same values Learning to be creative once a graphic is designed - translate it into coding that will work - Be crazy creative Learn the system of the organization, chain of command approval structure, logos can be used a certain way Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Some of the Things Learned (Web Coder Cont. ) Evaluation Communication Respond, be straight forward Understand that people have to have information Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
MSU’s Web Accessibility Site http: //www. msu. edu/webaccess/ Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Infusing Web Accessibility and Usability into an Organization: Summary This presentation includes one approach to changing an organization’s computing environment in order to support institutional priorities for accessible web development. We highlighted the use of communication, use of existing services and equipment, expanding the function of existing microlabs for accessibility testing, training of web developers as well as events to provide a basic awareness for executives and administrators. We discussed the importance of assumptions at the macro and micro level of the institution and web development team. We shared personal experiences to demonstrate how institutional assumptions about accessibility and instituting accessible web development approaches can precipitate a learning environment that fosters innovation in accessible coding and design. Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
Discussion/Q & A Copyright 2004 - Charmane K. Corcoran http: //www. msu. edu/~corcora 1/
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