Practical Phonetics Week 2 Classifying sounds place and

Practical Phonetics Week 2 Classifying sounds: place and manner of articulation Where and how sounds are made

Thinking about sounds • Say ‘mmmm’ – where is the ‘m’ sound produced? It’s a bilabial consonant (this is the place of articulation) • Pinch your nose – what happens? It stops: it’s a nasal (not an oral) consonant • Put your fingers in your ears – what do you hear? The vibrations of the vocal cords: it’s a voiced consonant

Some places of articulation: bilabial consonants lips p pie b buy m mute w wood

Labiodental consonants upper teeth lower lip f fine v vine

Dental consonants upper teeth tip of tongue θ thin ð this

Alveolar consonants alveolar ridge tip/blade of tongue t tie d n night l die light s Sue z zoo

Post-alveolar / palato-alveolar consonants ʃ shoe, pressure ʧ cheap Ʒ pleasure ʤ jeep r rack

Palatal consonants j yes

Velar consonants velum back of tongue k curl g girl ŋ rang

Some manners of articulation: plosives (think explosion) or stops Bilabial: p b Alveolar: t d Velar: k g

Fricatives (think friction) Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ

Oral Nasal (Velum is lowered, allowing air to enter the nasal cavity)

Nasals Bilabial: m Alveolar: n Velar: ŋ

Other consonants • Affricates (a combination of stop + fricative): ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricate ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate • Approximant (articulators approach each other but do not touch): w r j • Lateral (also called lateral approximant; air flows over sides of tongue): l

Summary of Places of Articulation Bilabial (lips) p b m w • Labiodental (lips and teeth) f fine v vine • Dental (tongue and teeth) θ thin ð then • Alveolar (tongue and alveolar ridge) tdsznl • Palato-alveolar (tongue and front part of hard palate) ʃ shoe ʒ measure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r • Palatal (tongue and hard palate) j yes • Velar (tongue and velum) k g ŋ running • Glottal (glottis) h •

Summary of manners of articulation • • • Plosive / Stop p b t d k g Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h Affricate (stop + fricative) ʧ ʤ Nasal m n ŋ Approximants w r j (central) l (lateral)

Classifying consonants • Voiced or voiceless • Place of articulation • (Central or lateral) • (Oral or nasal) • Manner of articulation Example 1 : s (sing): - A voiceless, alveolar, (central), (oral) fricative - A voiceless, alveolar plosive/stop = ? /t/ What is /k/? - A voiceless, velar plosive/stop

The International Phonetic Alphabet: the English consonants Full IPA with audio illustrations: http: //web. uvic. ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab. htm

And finally…an x-ray (not x-rated) movie: http: //www. practicalphonetics. com/seeing%20 through%20 speech. htm Review activities • Complete the “Classifying Consonants” chart • Labels practice: http: //www. phon. ucl. ac. uk/home/johnm/flash/phonflashrp. htm • Symbols practice: http: //www. phon. ucl. ac. uk/home/johnm/flash/findrp. htm