POSTWAR WORLD THE COLD WAR ML Chapter 17

POSTWAR WORLD: THE COLD WAR ML Chapter 17: Sections 1 & 4 Ms. Garratt

Soviet-American Distrust Before and After the War American Communist Ideology Non-Aggression Pact Betrayal at Yalta Soviet US assistance to the Whites Delay in opening second front

Yalta Conference Big Three Discussed: Japan Postwar occupation/division of Germany Some postwar reparations to Soviets Free elections in eastern Europe Soviet betrayed promise on “free elections”

United Nations International organization similar to the League of Nations General Assembly 15 -member Security Council 5 permanent members w/ veto power

Postwar Soviet Objectives Encourage communism as part of a worldwide workers’ revolution Rebuild its war-ravaged economy using Eastern Europe’s ram materials and industrial equipment Control Eastern Europe to protect its borders and balance US influence in Western Europe Keep Germany divided

American Postwar Objectives Encourage democracy and prevent spread of communism (containment) Gain access to raw materials and markets for American goods Rebuild European governments to promote stability and create new markets for US goods Reunite & stabilize Germany as bulwark against communism

Eastern Europe’s Iron Curtain Why Soviets wanted buffer zone Invasion from Poles, Swedes, Fr & Germ Ignored Yalta pledges Installed communist “puppet” governments

Containment Dominant US foreign policy between 1947 and 1991 Objective: Stop the spread of communism How did US attempt to achieve this? Alliances Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Involvement in regional conflicts

Truman Doctrine 1947 US promised economic & military assistance to all nations resisting Communist aggression. “support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures Greece & Turkey were the 1 st recipients of aid because Britain could no longer afford to assist them.

Marshall Plan Was economic equivalent of the Truman Doctrine Europe was in econ turmoil and needed funds to recover. Marshall Plan provided $12 billion plus Necessary to rebuild Europe to prevent it from becoming falling to communism Funds helped rebuild & stabilize Europe Was spectacularly successful.

What was the impact of the Marshall Plan on Europe?

Berlin Blockade 1948 -49 The Allies decided to withdraw from their occupation zones in Berlin Soviets object because they want to keep Germany weak and divided. Berlin which was deep in the Soviet-occupied zone was also divided. Soviets cut off all water, highway & rail traffic into West Berlin. The city could starve What did US do? Berlin Airlift for 11 months

NATO Direct result of the Berlin Crisis was creation of the 1 st American peace time alliance Defensive “an attack one is an attack on all”

Warsaw Pact This was Soviet dominated alliance Unlike NATO it was not voluntary Included Eastern bloc nations Rivalry between the US and USSR will be symbolized by the Berlin Wall

Nuclear Arms Race 1949 Soviets exploded their own A-bomb Truman authorized work on an even deadlier Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb) US successfully tested it in 1952 Soviets followed by 1953 Arms race was on

Brinkmanship Eisenhower admin practiced “brinkmanship” in which the US would “retaliate instantly, by means and at places of our own choosing” Was implicit threat to use nukes. Req’d reliable source of nukes and means of delivery Military budget focused on air force Contributed to arms race

Cold War in the Skies Soviets were 1 st to develop ICBM which they used to launch the world’s 1 st unmanned satellite, Sputnik US felt they had fallen behind the Soviets which led US to pour $ into science edu US launched its own satellite by 1958 The Space Race was on (see page 537)

U-2 Incident 1960 US proposed in 1955 that the 2 superpowers allow reconnaissance flights to ensure against surprise attacks Soviets refused CIA however, began high altitude flights in U-2 s In 1960 the Soviets shot one down and exposed the US Incident heightened CW tensions End section 1

Begin Section 4

Fighting for the Third World Africa, Asia and Latin America Defined by degree of industrialization Contrast with 1 st, 2 nd & 4 th world countries

Third World Nations Many were economically poor and politically unstable. Due in part to history of colonialism. Some suffered from ethnic conflicts Lacked financial resources, technology & edu Needed a political and econ system around which to build its society Soviet style-communism and US-style free-market democracy were the two choices Both US and Soviets competed fiercely.

Cold War Strategies US, USSR & China used a variety of techniques to gain influence in Third World. Backed wars of liberation or counterrevolution CIA & KGB engaged in covert activities from spying to assassination attempts Aid to nations

Nonaligned Nations Not all third world countries wished to play a role in the CW. Some vowed to remain neutral Indonesia struggled to stay “uninvolved” 1955 it hosted the Bandung Conference which created a “third force” known as the nonaligned nations meaning they were neutral While others may have taken sides in the CW the nonaligned did not.

Latin America Sought aid from superpowers US had long been involved in LA but US had supported leaders who backed US interests but who had oppressed their people. After WWII communism and nationalistic feelings inspired rev’y movements In response US provided mili & econ assistance to anti-communist dictators

Cuban Revolution 1959 In the 1950 s Cuba was ruled by unpop dictator, Fulgencio Batista who had US support Fidel Castro led a rev which overthrew him At first Castro was praised for some social reforms but he was a harsh dictator who: Suspended elections Jailed or executed his opponents Tightly controlled the press

Cuba: Bay of Pigs 1961 Castro nationalized American businesses without compensation In response, Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba. Castro then turned to the Soviets for aid In 1960 the CIA began to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles. In 1961 these exiles invaded Cuba & were easily defeated which humiliated the US

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 To protect Castro the Soviets began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba US found out about it in October 1962 and demanded their removal and a naval blockade US and Soviets were on collision course Brinkmanship Finally Soviets agreed to remove missiles in return for a US pledge not to invade Cuba This left Castro completely dependent upon Soviets Castro backed Communist revolutions thru-out L. A. Soviet aid to Cuba ended in 1991

Civil War in Nicaragua US supported dictator, Anastasio Somoza since ‘ 33 Somoza was overthrown by Communist Sandinistas At first, both US & USSR gave aid to Sandinistas but Sandinistas began giving aid to other Marxist rebels in nearby El Salvador. To help the El Salvadoran gov fight the rebels the US began supporting the Contras or counterrevolutionaries CW lasted a decade

Iran 1953 Oil wealth fueled a growing clash between traditional Islamic values & modern Western materialism. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi embraced the West This alienated a segment of the Iranian pop led by Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq. He nationalized a British-owned oil company & forced the Shah to flee. Fearing that Iran would turn to the Soviets the CIA helped restore the Shah to power

Iran 1979 With US support the Shah westernized Iran while ignoring the millions who lived in extreme poverty Shah was unable to weaken the pol influence of the ayatollahs who opposed Western influences The leader of the religious opposition, Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, who lived in exile, made tapedrecorded messages to incite riots in Iran Faced with overwhelming opposition this caused the Shah to flee in 1979 A triumphant Khomeini returned to Iran & established an Islamic state

Khomeini’s Anti-US Policies Young Islamic revolutionaries seized the US embassy in Teheran in 1979 & took 60 American hostages Revolutionaries demanded that the US force the Shah to face trial. Prisoners were held for 444 days Khomeini encouraged Muslim radicals to overthrow secular govs. This led to war with Iraq. US secretly gave aid to both sides as it did not want to see the balance of power in the region change

Afghanistan 1979 Soviets invaded Afghanistan to prop up the Communist regime They expected to be out soon however, they found themselves stuck like the US was in Vietnam Mujahideen, holy warriors, fought the Soviets supplied with US weapons US considered the invasion a threat to Persian Gulf oil US cancelled grain shipments to the USSR & boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics Soviet troops withdrew in 1989 (Gorbachev)

Taliban Taliban were among the Mujahideen who fought the Soviets In 1996 they seized power & established an Islamic gov Imposed a repressive rule esp against women They gave sanctuary to Islamic terrorists In 2001 anti-terrorist coalition led by the US drove them from power End section four

Cold War Thaws – Section 5 During postwar years Soviets held tight grip on satellite countries They were not allowed to direct their economies independently of the USSR. Instead they were to develop their economies to meet Soviet needs which hampered their econ recovery

Destalinization After Stalin died, Krushchev took over & in 1956 denounced Stalin for jailing & killing loyal Soviet citizens This signaled the beginning of the Destalinization policy or purging the country of Stalin’s memory Khrushchev also shifted policy by calling for “peaceful competition”

Hungarian Revolution 1956 Resentment against Soviets exploded in 1956 Hungarian army joined protesters to overthrow Sov controlled gov A popular communist, Imre Nagy, formed new gov He promised free elections & demanded Soviets leave Soviet army attacked, pro gov installed & eventually executed Nagy

Prague Spring 1968 Khrushchev is ousted from power due to CMC & is replaced by Leonid Brezhnev who quickly adopted repressive domestic policies Brezhnev made clear he would not tolerate dissent in E. Europe In 1968 Alexander Dubcek loosened controls on censorship in Czech to offer Socialism with a “human face. ” Period of reform when Czech “bloomed with new Ideas” was known as the Prague Spring

Brezhnev Doctrine Warsaw Pact nations invaded Czech to end the Prague Spring Brezhnev justified this invasion by claiming the USSR had the right to prevent its satellites from rejecting communism, a policy known as Brezhnev Doctrine. US did nothing. Showed that the US would not push containment in countries which were satellites of the Soviets

The Soviet-Chinese Split Mao & Stalin signed a 30 -year treaty of friendship which ended in ten years. WHY? Because China resented being in Moscow’s shadow. China began to spread its own form of communism in Africa & Asia. Khrushchev punished the Chinese by refusing to share nuclear secrets & then stopped technical aid Fighting broke out along their border

From Brinkmanship to Detente Brinkmanship under the Eisenhower, Kennedy & Johnson admins led to one crisis after another U-2 incident CMC Vietnam US policy of détente began under Nixon Policy grew out of realpolitik which meant dealing with other nations in a more flexible & pragmatic manner US continued to try to contain comm’m but also to reduce tensions

China Détente represented a person reversal for Nixon as well as for the country Nixon was virulent anti-communist – now he becomes the 1 st president to visit China & the USSR Nixon began the process of normalization of relations with China Trip made sense in world where there were 3 not just 2 superpowers “We want the Chinese with us when we sit down & negotiate with the Russians. ”

Soviet Union & SALT 3 months after visiting China Nixon goes to USSR Successfully negotiated the SALT I Treaty SALT limited to 1972 levels the number of ICBMs each country could have

Helsinki Accords 1975 In 1975 33 nations joined the US & USSR in signing the Helsinki Accords which committed them to détente and cooperation

Collapse of Detente Under presidents Nixon and Ford the US improved relations with China & the USSR In the late ‘ 70 s however, Carter was concerned over harsh treatment of protesters in USSR. This threatened to prevent second round of SALT negotiations In ‘ 79 Carter & Brezhnev finally signed SALT II however, the US Senate refused to ratify it after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Reagan Fiercely anti-communist Moved away from détente Increased defense spending & proposed Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) a program to protect against enemy missiles Was never implemented but remained a symbol of US anti-Communist sentiment

The united nations (un) Successor to League of Nations (LON) First test-case was Korea Has become increasingly political General Assembly Security Council

Human rights Read Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Based on Declaration of Independence. Verbiage is identical is some parts. Many violations exist worldwide. Does this justify intervention into sovereign countries?

Terrorism Purpose is to promote a cause & gain media attention. Focus is usually on civilian targets. More than 15, 000 terrorist attacks since 1960 State-sponsored terror Most sensational have been by Muslim terrorists

Chap 16: 1&4: Cold war – Détente New approach to foreign policy based on Realpolitik. Departure from brinkmanship. Lessening of tension & willingness to cooperate to reduce international tensions. Affected superpower actions in some areas. Ended with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan