Postwar America 1945 -1960 Chapters 24 and 25

Postwar America 1945 -1960 Chapters 24 and 25

Nuremberg Trials o War Trials were setup in one of Hitler’s most supportive cities, Nuremberg o 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death o Others avoided prosecution by leaving Germany before the surrender and going to safe havens in South and Central America o At the trials survivors gave vivid accounts of the atrocities brought on by the Nazi’s o Most of the men who took the stand claimed they were simply “following orders”

The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity

Japanese War Crimes Trials General Hideki Tojo Bio-Chemical Experiments

Potsdam Conference o Divided Germany into 4 zones controlled by US, USSR, GB, and France o Eliminated the Nazi Party o Rebuild German Industry o Moved Germans in other territories back to Germany o All local governments kept in place

Potsdam Problems o Stalin refuses to allow elections in new Eastern European nations o Stalin also wants complete control of half of Germany o Churchill loses re-election while at the conference o It is at Potsdam that the other Allied leaders are informed of the Atomic Test

Japan o US occupied Japan from 1945 to 1952 o Emperor Hirohito remained with NO power, Premier Hideki Tojo was sentenced to death by a Military Tribunal o Gen. Mac. Arthur was given the responsibility to write a new constitution o 1947 Constitution: A democratic system was set up, freedom of religion and the right of women to vote were included o Japanese military was dismantled to ensure an end to the militarism(No Army and Navy) o Most Japanese accepted the constitution

United Nations o Drawn from the League of Nations it to was designed to prevent wars and foster peace o General Assembly: all members o Security Council: 5 permanent members (US, Britain, Russia, China, and France) and 10 rotating members o Security Council can veto a General Assembly motion

The Creation of the U. N.

Founding of Israel 1. What is Zionism? Why is it a problem? 2. What happened when Britain withdrew from Palestine in 1948? 3. What countries attacked the new Israeli state? 4. Why were they able to fight them off? 5. Who is Ralph Bunche? 6. How did the final 1949 agreement resolve the conflict? 7. Is this the end of the problems in Palestine?

Quiz: T/F 1. At Potsdam, Germany was divided into 3 zones between USSR, USA and Great Britain. 2. The Emperor and the Premier were both executed after WW 2. 3. Eisenhower is sent to help write a new Japanese Constitution. 4. At the Nuremberg Trials more than 100 Nazi leaders were killed. 5. The United Nations Security Council has 5 permanent members.

COLD WAR Begins Chapter 25 Section 1 o Cold War: Political standoff between Democracy and Communism o Begins due to American mistrust of Soviet motives in Eastern Europe o The USSR intended to occupy nations in Eastern Europe in order to install Communist governments to help ensure their safety from Germany and the Western Powers (USA, Great Britain)

The Ideological Struggle Soviet & Eastern Bloc Nations [“Iron Curtain”] GOAL spread world-wide Communism METHODOLOGIES: « Espionage [KGB vs. CIA] US & the Western Democracies GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world. [George Kennan] « Arms Race [nuclear escalation] « Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars” « Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

Cold War: Page 852 1. Satellite State: 2. Containment: 3. What countries did the USSR control by the end of WW 2? 4. What did Churchill claim the USSR had done to Europe?

Cold War 1. Satellite States: Countries under Soviet control, most had “puppet” communist governments 2. Containment: US and British policy of stopping the Soviet Communist spread 3. What countries did the USSR control by the end of WW 2? (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, parts of Poland Romania) 4. What did Churchill claim the USSR had done to Europe? (He said an “Iron Curtain has descended across the continent”) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=W 9 VOds. U OUa 8

The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Atomic Age 1. What are the Baruch Plan? (BP was an international organization that would impose penalties on countries violating nuclear restrictions) 2. Atomic Energy Act? (AEA created a commission that oversaw nuclear research and promoted the use of peacetime atomic energy)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) v United States v Luxemburg v Belgium v Netherlands v Britain v Norway v Canada v Portugal v Denmark v 1952: Greece & v France v Iceland v Italy Turkey v 1955: West Germany v 1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955) } U. S. S. R. } East Germany } Albania } Hungary } Bulgaria } } Czechoslovakia Poland } Rumania

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War

Crisis in Berlin Page 851 1. What was the cause of the Berlin Airlift? 2. What is NATO and what was the Soviet response to it?

Crisis in Berlin Page 851 1. What was the cause of the Berlin Airlift? (Soviets had blocked access to Berlin in an effort to keep the Western Powers out. US and Britain airlifted food and supplies to people of Berlin. The blockade failed. ) 2. What is NATO and what was the Soviet response to it? (North Atlantic Treaty Organization: promised to defend one another from attack. Soviets respond with the Warsaw Pact. )

Post-War Germany

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948 -49) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=c. HGVf 9 floo

Greece o 1946 -Civil War erupts between Communist and British backed Greek monarchs o 1947 -Britain stops aiding Greece o 1947 -Russia takes land from Greece to control the Mediterranean and Black Seas o 1947 -Truman Doctrine: The US will aid ANY country who wishes to fight communism (Korea, Vietnam, etc. ) o 1948 -US gives $400 million to aid Turkey and Greece o https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=4 v 3 Sq Cxc. Sug

Marshall Plan (E. R. P. ) o George C. Marshall, Truman’s Sec of State o European Recovery Program: Thought that if the US helped countries in Europe financially they could fight off communism o Truman requested $12. 5 billion for European aid in 1948 o After the Soviets overthrew the Czech government the aid for Marshall Plan was granted o Marshall won the Nobel Peace prize for his efforts, he later served as Sec of Defense for Truman to deal with wars against communist countries

Marshall Plan [1948] 1. “European Recovery Program. ” 2. Secretary of State, George Marshall 3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4. $12. 5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Xyoviiavusk

Quiz Section 2 T/F 1. Satellite nations were countries in Eastern Europe with Soviet friendly Communist governments. 2. During the Berlin Airlift the US and Britain brought food and supplies to West Berlin breaking the Soviet blockade. 3. The US never joins NATO. 4. The Truman Doctrine offered aid to any country being threatened by Communism. 5. The Marshall Plan, although supported by Truman, is never enacted into law.

Communism In China p. 854 1. Who was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist forces? 2. Who led the Chinese Communists? 3. What agreement did the Communists and Nationalists make during WW 2? 4. In what way did the US aid the Nationalists? 5. What was the eventual outcome?

Chinese Revolution (1949) Nationalist Party (democratic system) Led by Chiang-Kai Shek or Jiang Jieshi n o o Communist Party o Led my Mao Zedong

Mao’s Revolution: 1949 Who lost China? – A 2 nd } Power!

“The Forgotten War”- Korea (1950 -1953)

Korean War o 1945 -Korea is divided into 2 zones. North is Communist, South is occupied by US. Division is at the 38 th parallel o 1948 -N. Korea (Kim Il Sung) S. Korea (Sygmun Rhee) set up government o 1949 -US and USSR leave Korea as tensions increase

Hostilities Begin in Korea o June 25, 1950 -North Korea invades South Korea. o United Nations calls for an immediate ceasefire by North Korea. o Soviets not present in the U. N. to veto the measure because they were boycotting the U. N. on not admitting Communist China in the U. N. . o June 27 - President Truman pledges support for South Korea with support from the U. N. which brands North Korea an aggressor nation and asks for U. N. members to come to S. Korea’s aid. UN and Truman respond by sending troops to help South Korea led by Mac. Arthur

Hostilities Begin in Korea “ If Korea falls, Communists would be encouraged to spread Communism throughout the world. ” Pres. Harry S. Truman *Fifteen nations of the U. N. - Bulk of the forces from the U. S. .

The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950 -1953) Kim Il-Sung Syngman Rhee “Domino Theory”

The Korean War o Phase 1 - (Sept. 1950)-North Korea with Soviet weaponry push S. Korea and the U. S. back to Pusan. o Phase 2 - (Sept. -Oct. 1950)-Gen. Douglas Mac. Arthur launches an amphibious counterattack at Inchon. Push their way all the way to Seoul. U. N. forces also attack from the south. This combined attack forces the North Koreans across the 38 th parallel. And Mac. Arthur pursues across the border. o By October, U. N. forces reached the Yalu River the boundary between North Korea and China

The Korean War o Phase 3 - (Nov. 1950 - Jan. 1951)China enters the war. 300, 000 Chinese troops cross the Yalu River and forces U. N. forces back across the 38 th parallel. o With China involved , Mac. Arthur wants to escalate the war by dropping Atomic bombs on China. o Truman decides on a Limited War and Mac. Arthur criticizes Truman’s decision. o Truman dismisses Mac. Arthur. o Dismissal hurts Truman popularity. o Phase 4 - (Feb. 1951 -July 1953 -) War reaches a stalemate- U. S. death tolls mount.

Korean War continued o Sept. 1950 -South Korean and US forces are pushed to tip of Korea near Pusan o Late Sept 1950 -Mac. Arthur counterattacks at Inchon, and recaptures Seoul(capital of South Korea) o Nov 1950 -China enters war on North Korean side and stalemate ensues along the 38 th parallel

Korean War continued o 1951 -Mac. Arthur publicly states that he would like to “bomb” China with atomic weapons, Truman refuses. Wants a Limited War. o 1951 -Mac. Arthur publicly criticizes Truman and goes to Congress for help o o 1951 -Truman fires Mac. Arthur (replaced by Gen. Matthew Ridgeway) Mac. Arthur returns to heroes welcome o 1952 –Eisenhower becomes President https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=lb 0 a. Zc 97 d. Kc

Ike Ends the Korean War o Eisenhower keeps promise to end the war. o Steps up bombing raids in North. o Threatened to use nuclear weapons to end conflict. July 27, 1953 - Armistice reached. Korea divided at 38 th parallel. Same as before the war.

Korean War Ends o 54, 000 US Soldiers die o 3 million Koreans die (Civilians and Military) o China loses more than ½ million men o Considered a victory for Containment because the spread of communism is stopped o United Nations works, unlike the League of Nations. Collective Security can protect nations from aggressors. o Establishes a DMZ (demilitarized zone) at the 38 th parallel border o https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=-X 7 nbw. Fx. GRU

The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap? ” } The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. } Now there were two nuclear superpowers! } https: //www. yout ube. com/watch? v =310 -GYiitp. M

Page 861 1. How powerful is the hydrogen bomb? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=qjnm 3 V 0 x. Yj. I 2. In what ways did the US government try to ease the fears of US citizens? 3. Do you believe that these government suggestions would have helped in case of nuclear war? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=s 5 U 6 j 7 WEMNA

Cold War Fears • In 1949 the USSR tested its first atomic bomb • By 1951 the US had developed a new type of bomb, the H-Bomb or Hydrogen Bomb (it was equivalent to 10, 000 tons of TNT compared to the Trinity test at Alamogordo that measured 20, 000 tons) • Duck and Cover (1951)

Election of 1952 o Truman’s popularity had hit a low thanks to Korea, chooses not to seek re-election o Republicans saw a chance to break the 20 year Democratic White House o Republicans: Eisenhower (Nixon) o Democrats: Stevenson (Sparkman) o Eisenhower’s patriotic appeal made him a favorite, “I like Ike” was his slogan o Wins by large margin, 442 -89 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ym. CDa. Xe. DRI 4

Election of 1952 Truman decides not to run for re-election because his popularity is at an all time low. Republicans Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard M. Nixon Democrats Adlai Stevenson John Sparkman

The Election of 1952 Why did Eisenhower win? Why did Steven

CIA/US Intervention Page 863 -865 Outline the CIA involvement in these 4 instances o. Iran o. Guatemala o. Suez Canal o. Hungary

CIA o Iran (1951) Leader Mossadegh is replaced by CIA because he nationalized British owned oil. Shah Rezhvi(dictator)is placed in power and Iranians become Anti-American. o Guatemala (1954) Democratically elected President Castillo is assassinated by CIA for being a “communist sympathizer”. He had redistributed land to the poor. o Suez Canal (1955) West and Russia almost come to war when Egyptian President Nassir nationalizes a dam that the US promised to finance but did not. France, Britain and Israel occupy one end of the canal near the Mediterranean Sea and Russia threatens to use force if they don’t leave. U. S. threatens Brits with force. o Hungary (1956) Hungarian Uprising, 40, 000 Hungarians flee to US…Uprising fails and USSR maintains control of Hungary after bloody conflict

The Suez Crisis: 1956 -1957 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=44 -B 2 e. DU 0 Q 0

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

The Hungarian Uprising: 1956 Imre Nagy, Hungarian Prime Minister Promised free elections that could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary. https: //www. youtube. com /watch? v=JRDLD 3 Pd. Fqg

U-2 Spy Incident (1960) Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

U 2 Incident 1. What did US officials first say the U-2 plane was doing over USSR? 2. Who was the pilot? 3. How did Eisenhower and Khrushchev respond to the incident? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=CS hy. PAD 3 SG 0

U-2 Incident 1. What did US officials first say the U-2 plane was doing over USSR? (Spying on military bases in the USSR) 2. Who was the pilot? (Gary Powers) 3. How did Eisenhower and Khrushchev respond to the incident? (Eisenhower refused to apologize and relations with USSR deteriorated, Powers was found guilty of espionage and served 1 year and 9 months in Soviet jail)

Quiz Section 3 T/F 1. Chaing Kai Shek led the Communist Revolution in China. 2. Mac. Arthur wanted Truman to use an Atomic bomb in China. 3. Eisenhower easily won the election of 1952. 4. At the end of the Korean War the 38 th parallel was set as a boundary, same as before the war. 5. The CIA used force to depose of other countries leaders during the 1950’s.

Massive Retaliation o On January 12, 1955 U. S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles first announces the doctrine of Massive Retaliation. o It threatens full-scale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to communist aggression anywhere in the world. John Foster Dulles and Mac. Arthur in Korea, 1950 o M. A. D. : Mutually Assured Destruction

1 st Red Scare o What were the causes of the 1 st Red Scare of the 1920’s? o Define 1. Red Scare 2. Smith Act

Define and Identify Page 868 -875 o NSC o HUAC o Hollywood 10 o Mc. Carthyism (Page 874)

Define and Identify o Mc. Carthyism: Senator Joe Mc. Carthy creates Anti-Communist hysteria in America urging the government to search for and arrest communist sympathizers (Mc. Carthyism) o HUAC: Investigated suspected communists, mostly in Hollywood o Hollywood 10: California directors and film writers who chose to go to jail rather than speak to the HUAC, they were blacklisted in Hollywood thereafter o https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=n. Jz. V 6 w. J 3 SQ

House Un. American Activities Committee (HUAC) o Subcommittee of the House of Representatives o Purpose: To root out “subversion” of the American system o The Question: “Are you now or have you ever been a member of the Communist Party? ”

Congress Hunts Communists o 1938, HUAC is created to find Nazi’s and Communist in US o Continues following war targeting government officials, unions, education, newspapers and others o 1947 they target the “Hollywood 10”, directors and actors known to be communists o The Hollywood 10 were jailed and blacklisted from filmmaking again

o Entertainment Industry: Hollywood Ten n Hollywood Ten -Even Walt Disney had to appear before HUAC. -The ten men were convicted of contempt. Their appeals of course were denied, all served prison terms of up to one year.

Court Cases: Page 871 -872 o Alger Hiss vs. Whitaker Chambers o Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

Success o Alger Hiss o Julius Rosenberg

Hiss v Chambers o Whittaker Chambers, former communist, accuses Alger Hiss (state department worker) of being a communist o Hiss denies charges, sues Chambers o Chambers produced “Pumpkin Papers” to prove Hiss lied to HUAC o Hiss is accused of perjury, 5 years in jail o Richard Nixon, a young Congressman uses the case to gain political power https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=EOzq. Bj. YKQ-0

o HUAC o Questions asked o 5 th Amendment

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg o Only evidence is testimony of a confessed spy, both are found guilty and executed o Evidence uncovered later shows Julius was likely guilty but many believe Ethel had little or no part in the crime yet she is executed

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg o Convicted of selling atomic energy secrets to Russia o Proof is shaky, both are found guilty and executed (electric chair) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r 84 Yl__Fm. IM

Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy o Wisconsin Republican facing defeat in election of 1950 o Turns to a platform of anti. Communism

Sen. Joseph Mc. Carthy o Wheeling Speech o Primary sources

The List o “I have here a list of 205 names that were made known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department. ”

Joseph Mc. Carthy o Even though he never produced the names it gave him a bump in popularity and he was reelected in 1952 o He continued to point the finger at “suspected communists” including fellow congressmen, General George Marshall and members of the US Army

Definition of Mc. Carthyism o The fear, suspicion, and scapegoating that surrounded Mc. Carthy, his accusations and the general curtailment of civil rights during the Cold War era. It was a witch-hunt style campaign to silence critics of the Cold War.

Mc. Carthyism o People feared being accused by Mc. Carthy so much that few stood up to him o Finally the Senate held hearings to determine the legitimacy of his claims after he accused the Army and many viewed Mc. Carthy’s tactics as nothing more than bullying o By 1954 the Korean War was over and Mc. Carthy’s spotlight had faded

Mc. Carthy Goes Too Far o Ike and the Army o Edward R. Murrow

o World view o Political chill in America o Joseph Mc. Carthy

Examples of Mc. Carthyism o In NYC, citizens must take loyalty oath to receive a fishing license o FDR’s New Deal is re-evaluated as “a socialist conspiracy” and “ 20 years of treason” o Jonas Salk invents vaccine for Polio; a congressman suggests that it be distributed to all school-age children for free. Eisenhower’s Secretary of Health rejects the idea as an attempt to “socialize medicine through the backdoor. ”

o -April 1949 o "You read books, eh? " During the postwar anti-communist campaign hundreds of elementary and high school teachers were investigated and lost their jobs, sometimes as a result of being named by proliferating "antisubversive" groups and individuals. Some individuals compiled and circulated their own blacklists, which were accepted by frightened employers and casting directors who feared being blacklisted themselves if they sought facts and fair play. The motives of some self-serving or vindictive accusers were summed up by Herb Block in a phrase: "If you can't crush the commies, you can nail a neighbor. "

President Truman o Expands the federal bureaucracy. o National Security Act of 1947 n NSC n Do. D n CIA

President Truman Expands federal government size and power Executive Order 9835 n Barred members of the Communist Party from federal employment. o Fascists too o States started to do this too o Loyalty oaths

The Mc. Carran Act (1950) o Formal name: The Internal Security Act o Requires communist organizations to register with the Subversive Activities Control Board o Authorizes the arrest of suspect persons during national emergency o Six concentration camps built for this purpose Passed over Truman’s Veto

The Immigration and Nationality Act (1952) o Another Mc. Carran-authored law o Barred people who were deemed either “subversive” or “homosexual” from becoming citizens or even visiting the U. S. o Power to deport immigrants who were members of the Communist Party, even if they were citizens o In effect until 1973 o Passed over Truman’s Veto

Space Race (define) o Sputnik o NASA

Sputnik I (1957) The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

Sputnik o On October 4, the Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first manmade satellite to orbit the Earth. o In 1958, the U. S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear.