“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Res. Ass. Dr. Meryem ATİK a Prof. Dr. Türker ALTAN b Asso. Prof. Dr. A. Akın AKSU c a University of Akdeniz Faculty of Agriculture Department of Landscape Architecture, 07070 Antalya-TURKEY b University of Çukurova Faculty of Agriculture Department of Landscape Architecture, 01330 Balcali, Adana-TURKEY c University of Akdeniz School of Tourism and Hotel Management, 07070 Antalya-TURKEY BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” INTRODUCTION Humans have great impacts on both physical and natural environment through their activities. These effects are more evident in tourism sector which heavily depends on natural environment and resources for its services and products. Started by Rio Conference in 1992 sustainable development initiatives have become sustainable tourism in tourism sector. Sustainability of which can be described as maintaining continuity of a fact in a long term so to maintain natural resources as soil, water while using them and to get highest benefit with lowest damage. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” INTRODUCTION Inevitably “sustainable tourism management” based on a serious of planning and management efforts and initiatives are very important particularly for the regions where mass tourism activities take place. Travel (Travel Agencies, Tour Operators) Arrival Accommodation (Hotels, Holiday Villages etc. ) “Realising Holiday Activity” Recreation Return Travel (Travel Agencies, Tour Operators) (BTE, 1997; Bundesamt für Naturschutz, 1997) Figure 1. The Role of Accommodations in Holiday Activity BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” AIM Here “accommodation” most important part of the holiday activity, takes part in hotels, motels like touristic building and accommodations. Site selection, saving energy, etc occurs as basic components in sustainable tourism. Today ISO 14001, EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme) are applicable for sustainability in tourism sector. Main idea here is to reduce impacts of products and services on environment during design, production, operation and management phases, to protect natural resources and to maintain an ideal, healthy and secure living and working conditions for people. The aim of this paper is to indicate existing environmental protection policy and applications of luxurious accommodations in South Antalya Region; one of the most popular tourist destinations of Turkey in environmental education, saving energy and water, waste management as principles of sustainable tourism. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” TURKEY RESEARCH AREA Figure 2. Location of the Research Area BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” METHOD Material of the study is a series of luxurious accommodations situates in south Antalya Region that serves mass tourism facilities within all inclusive system. To indicate “Environmental Policy Applications” of accommodations “Environment Control List” questioner was applied which primarily based on the work of European Commission (2000), BTE (1997), Tour Operators Initiatives (2001) and its members, Green Hotelier and special condition of the region. Due to diverse factors both in tourism sector and environmental systems and difficulty in quantifying performances however existence of planning structure in accommodations for environmental protection, education, waste treatment, water and energy saving have been taken as assessment criteria. Results are transferred to a database in Microsoft Access Programme and indicated as rational (%). For a better evaluation on administration level, some study findings were compared with “Iberotel Sarıgerme Park ISO 14001 Environmental Management System” which is regarded as to be the best practice in Turkey. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” “ENVIRONMENT CONTROL LIST” n n n n n General Objectives Traditional Architecture and Construction Material Substructure and its Quality Energy Use and Saving Water Use and Saving Measures in Gastronomy Cleaning-Housekeeping Solid Waste Garden and Landscaping BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” General Objectives The concept of environmental policy defines all the principles, decisions and regulations that taken towards sustainable use and protection of the environment and natural resources (Atik, 2003). Content of the environmental policy in contacted accommodations primarily based on the environmental education throughout setting up committee of environment, general meetings, saving work and education. Responsible people that appointed for an effected environmental control are informed as landscape manager, technical manager and gardener in different duties. Information that given to visitors is limited more on sanitary and visitors more refered environmental problems concerning the region. In this respect this shows that environmental protection is desired in principle but not within an environmental policy or programme. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Traditional Architecture and Construction Material Particularly site selection is the first step of the sustainable design procedure (Anonymous, 2001). Protection of local architecture, using environmental friendly construction material, conservation of the natural areas outside the building site and using local indigenous species in landscaping are the criteria that sought for the touristic building developments of which aesthetical care is further crucial. Most of the buildings are design in modern style and examples of traditional architecture that typical to region can only be found in small-scale pensions. Regarding to their negative impacts it is important to use tested and certificated environmentally friendly building and isolation material in construction, maintenance and restoration. In this point majority of the accommodations is informed to be using these materials but it is still open to discussion whether this is implicated or not. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Substructure and its Quality An existing central substructure system established by South Antalya Substructure Union (GATAB) facilitate in the region of which almost all the hotels use. There is no pre-treatment phase in any accommodations but only heavy oils in gastronomy are treated. Re-using wastewater like in garden irrigation after proper treatment is one of the most preferred methods in saving water. Unfortunately there is no additional storage or pumping system in any accommodations for using treated water in toilets, cleaning, cooling and garden. Only 7 % of the contacted accommodations use treated water in garden irrigation Figure 3. Use of Treated Waste water (Figure 3). BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Energy Use and Saving Hotels need substantial amount of energy for their services where heating and air conditioning account almost half of the energy consumption (European Commission, 2000). Particularly luxurious hotels use a lot of energy in bathrooms, swimming pools, sauna and heating, lightning and cleaning. An enormous amount of energy use depends on electric, which is supported by petroleum products as LPG, Fuil. Oil, and the level of solar energy use is very low. Considering suitable climate condition with full sun all year long in the region solar energy will support energy saving greatly. Amount and the type of the consumed energy are regularly documented daily, monthly and annually in form of solid, liquid and gas fuels and electric. Average energy consumption person is changing between 600 -1200 LPG/gr/day. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Energy Use and Saving While daily electric consumption person changes in accommodations between 16 -20 Kwh in 50 % and almost all of them are using energy efficient devices for exterior lighting and have an automatic system to turn off when there is no need for. Figure 4. Daily Electric Consumption per Person (Kwh) Iberotel Sarıgerme Park consume electric and LPG, Fule. Oil like petroleum fuels which are recorded every month and low energy cost lighting devices and bulbs are used. Within the framework of environmental management system 20 % of energy saving in electric and LPG use achieved in 2000 and 19. 1 Kwh/day/person electric use in 2000 pulled down to 16. 7 Kwh/day/person in 2002. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Water Use and Saving Main water consumptions are in bathing, housekeeping, cooking, swimming pools, watering garden, golf courses and only very small amount of water is used for drinking. Majority of the contacted accommodation is providing drinking water from central substructure system and in some cases drinking water is supported by wells. As an indicator of water quality in the region tap water is described as drinkable. In all accommodations regular recording of water analyses made daily, weekly and monthly with long-term water saving approaches such as watering garden at night, reusing seawater and storing rainwater. Treatment of seawater from the salt and reusing it swimming pools and toilets is a common application particularly in the Mediterranean countries where water resources are limited. Just a few accommodations are using seawater in swimming pools, partly in central cooling and in medical purposes as in thalassotherapy (healing with sea water). BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Water Use and Saving Water consumptions in all contacted accommodations are recorded monthly and annually where most frequent consumption level is average 900 -1100 litres person. Figure 5. Daily Water Consumption per Person (Litre) Majority of the accommodations have Blue Flag Award by which international environmental standards as water quality, coastal security, first aid etc. are required for coastal uses and particularly beaches. Nowadays “Blue Flag” applications in the region are the indicator of sea water quality. Regular maintenance of drinking and consuming water systems for saving water has been run in all accommodations with some water saving measures as watering garden at night, reusing sea and rainwater. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Saving Measures in Gastronomy As in all unites energy saving measures are essential in gastronomy and kitchen where many electronic devices of oven, washing machine, refrigerators etc are used. Most of the accommodations are taking training performances for energy saving in gastronomy and respecting effective use of electric and LPG. One element of sustainability is purchasing local products that grown in the region by traditional techniques so that local economy and employment can be supported. Nevertheless agricultural goods are below the level that the hotels need and only citrus products are bought by the small scale of accommodations as pensions. Iberotel Sarıgerme Park affirmed that they prefer as local goods as available but due inadequacy and shortage in the amount consumption of local organic products is very limited. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Cleaning-Housekeeping It is stated that besides kitchen, laundry and room unites where substantial amount of water used majority of the accommodations have energy and water saving measures and for this purpose cleaning devices are regularly maintained. Changing towels and bed sheets on customer’s requirement is important in housekeeping for reducing cost and the amount of energy and water used. But taking customer’s satisfaction into consideration towels and bed sheets are changed every day. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Solid Waste Touristic accommodations dispose greater amount of solid waste in every phase of their services. These are bottles, cans, glasses, organic wastes from kitchen and garden, furniture. While all the accommodations separate waste sorts, majority of them informed to be separating at source. Solid wastes originated mainly from kitchen and gastronomy are treated at source as organic, glass and can. In Iberotel Sarıgerme Park solid wastes are separated as batteries, paper, metal, glass, organic in 14 different collection points. Papers and plastics are being pressed, kitchen wastes are transferred to organic garden compost, batteries, medical wastes and old computes devices are stored in hazardous waste unites. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Garden and Landscaping Although most of the hotels confirmed that they use local species for the garden and environmental design, it is noted on the field observations that mostly showy exotic plants with decorative foliage and flowers are used. Almost all the accommodations located on natural river beds and sand dunes within Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia)–macchia combination. Therefore restoretion of disturbed habitats and protect natural habitats not for that they important for flora and fauna but also for the unity of natural environment. Forest fires are a serious threat in the region particularly in summer therefore accommodations have set up fire brigade team and coordination with GATAB (South Antalya Substructure Union) and National Park Service for the likely forest fires. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Garden and Landscaping Using local plant species in garden design and landscaping is important not only for reducing watering and maintenance cost but also for supporting wildlife species. Most of the accommodations situate on a vast natural Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia) and macchia. In respect to long dry summer period in the region taking energy and water saving measures in design and maintenance of exterior settings in Figure 6. Distribution of Open Green Area BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Assessment of the study results showed that accommodations already have measures and practices in saving water, energy and electric not within an environmental management system or programme but for reducing expenses in administration and running of services. If these existing applications in the accommodations are supported in terms of an effective waste management, environmental education, informing guests about the environmental performances, co-operating with the other sector partners and in some other areas; sustainable tourism management examples based on Environmental Management systems like ISO 14001 can be set up. The only legal tool is “Environmental Control Regulation” in Turkey dated 2001 that compelling ISO 14001, EMAS like environmental management system can be used as an effective instrument. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS This study can methodologically be used for the other touristic accommodations in some other regions and destinations. The result would be a useful tool to fulfil the missing part in environmental applications of the hotels and to grand ISO 14001, EMAS like eco-labels. On the other hand present study reflects the relationship between mass tourism activities and sustainability issues. Although depends greatly on voluntary initiatives; encouragement of sustainable tourism management applications which will support the protection of environment and natural resources as well as increase environmental awareness will be effective in achieving environmentally responsible tourist profile and will strength country’s competitiveness in international tourism market. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Acknowledgement and References Acknowledgement This present study comprise a part of the Ph. D Thesis; Impacts of Tourism Development in South Antalya Region and Proposals for Sustainable Tourism and supported by Çukurova University Research Foundation with the Project No FBE. 2002. D 216. References Anonymous, (2001). Sowing the Seeds of Change-An Environmental Teaching Pack for the Hospitality Industry. EUHOFA International, IH&RA, UNEP, ISBN 92 -8072062— 7 Atik, M. , (2003). Güney Antalya Bölgesindeki Turizm Gelişmelerinin Doğal Çevre Üzerine Etkileri ve Sürdürülebilir Turizm Olanakları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Peyzaj Mimarlığı Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi No: 774, Adana. Bundesamt für Naturschutz, (1997). How much environment is travel going to cost us. Bundesamt Für Naturschutz, German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Kostantinstrasse 110, D-53176 Bonn. BTE, (1997). Beicht über den einfluss des tourismus auf natur und umwelt sowie massnahmen und handlungsbedarf zur förderung einer vertraglichen entwicklung-daten, wertungen, empfehkungen unter besonderer berücksichtigung der bundesebene. Enberisht, BTE-Tourismusmanagement und Regionalentwicklung, Berlin. European Commission, (2000). Feasibility and market study for a european eco-label for tourist accommodations (FEMATOUR). CREM Project No 00. 402, Commissioned by the European Commission, Dg ENV. Tour Operator Inıtıatıve, (2001). Tour Operator Initiative for Sustainable Tourism. United Nations Environment Programme, 39 -43, Quai Andre Citroen 75739 Paris France. BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
“POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM MANAGEMENT IN ACCOMMODATIONS; SOUTH ANTALYA REGION, TURKEY” Thanks THANK YOU VERY MUCH! BEST Sustainable Tourism and Think Tank IV and Conference “Sustainability and Mass Destinations: Challenges and Possibilities”
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