ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ В НАУЧНОМ ТЕКСТЕ
БАЗОВЫЙ ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ S 1. The researchers sent their manuscript to the journal. Данный порядок слов редко меняется: 1. подлежащее (the researchers) 2. сказуемое (sent) 3. прямое дополнение (their manuscript) 4. косвенное дополнение (the journal) S 2. Last week the researchers sent their manuscript to the journal for the second time. S 3. The researchers last week sent for the second time to the journal their manuscript.
ТО, ЧТО ВАЖНЕЕ, СТАВИМ В НАЧАЛО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ X was elicited by Y. Y elicited X. S 1. Particularly interesting for researchers in physics is the new feature, named X, for calculating velocity. S 2. Physics now has a new feature, named X, for calculating velocity. S 3. Velocity can now be calculated with a new feature, named X, which is particularly interesting for physicists. S 4. X is a new feature for calculating velocity. It is particularly interesting for physicists.
ВЫБЕРИТЕ ТАКОЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ, КОТОРОЕ ПРИВЕДЕТ ВАС К НАИБОЛЕЕ КРАТКОМУ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЮ S 1. The most significant values are highlighted in Table 1. S 2. Table 1 highlights the most significant values.
СТАРАЙТЕСЬ ИЗБЕГАТЬ БЕЗЛИЧНОГОIT It is probable that this is due to poor performance. It is possible do this with the new system. It is mandatory to use the new version. This may / might / could be due to poor performance. This can be done with the new system. The new version must be used.
НЕ ИСПОЛЬЗУЙТЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ IT, THEY)ДО ( ТОГО КАК ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ, К КОТОРОМУ ОНИ ОТНОСЯТСЯ S 1. Beeswax is a very important substance because. . . In fact, it is… S 2. *Although it is a very stable and chemically inert material, studies have verified that the composition of beeswax is … S 3. Although beeswax is a very stable and chemically inert material, studies have verified that its composition is … fact, it is. . .
ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ НЕОБХОДИМО СТАВИТЬ ПЕРЕД ГЛАГОЛОМ In the survey participated 350 subjects. Were used several different methods in the experiments. With these values are associated a series of measurements. Among the factors that influence the choice of parameters are time and cost. Of particular interest was the sugar transporter, because. . . Important parameters are conciseness and nonambiguity. Three hundred and fifty subjects participated in the survey. Several different methods were used in the experiments. A series of measurements are associated with these values. Time and cost are among the factors that influence the choice of parameters. The sugar transporter was of particular interest, because. . . Conciseness and nonambiguity are important parameters.
СТАРАЙТЕСЬ СТАВИТЬ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ И ГЛАГОЛ КАК МОЖНО БЛИЖЕ К ДРУГУ S 1. *A gradual decline in germinability and vigor of the resultant seedling, a higher sensitivity to stresses upon germination, and possibly a loss of the ability to germinate are recorded in the literature [5, 8, 19]. S 2. *People with a high rate of intelligence, an unusual ability to resolve problems, a passion for computers, along with good communication skills are generally employed by such companies.
S 3. There is generally a gradual decline in germinability and of the resultant seedling, followed by a higher sensitivity to stress upon germination, and possibly a loss of the ability to germinate [5, 8, 19]. S 4. Such companies generally employ people with a high rate of. . . S 5. People with a high rate of intelligence are generally employed by such companies. They must also have other skills including: an unusual ability to. . .
ИЗБЕГАЙТЕ ДОБАВЛЕНИЯ ВТОРОСТЕПЕННОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ МЕЖДУ ПОДЛЕЖАЩИМ И ГЛАГОЛОМ *The result, after the calculation has been made, can be used to determine Y. After the calculation has been made, the result can be used to determine Y. *This sampling method, when it is possible, is useful because it allows. . . When this sampling method is possible, it allows us. . . *These steps, owing to the difficulties in measuring the weight, require some simplifications. These steps require some simplifications, owing to the difficulties in measuring the weight
НЕ ОТДЕЛЯЙТЕ ГЛАГОЛ ОТ ПРЯМОГО ДОПОЛНЕНИЯ! o. We can separate, with this tool, P and Q. o. We can associate with these values a high cost. o. We can separate P and Q with this tool. o. We can associate a high cost with these values.
S 1. *We can associate a high cost, higher overheads, a significant increase in man-hours and several other problems with these values. S 2. We can associate a high cost with these values, along with higher overheads, a significant increase in man-hours and several other problems. S 3. We can associate several factors with these values: a high cost, higher overheads, a significant increase in man-hours and several other problems. S 4. The following can be associated with these values: i. a high cost ii. higher overheads iii. a significant increase in man hours
СТАВЬТЕ ПРЯМОЕ ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ ПЕРЕД КОСВЕННЫМ However, only for some cases this operation is defined, these cases are called. . . Although in the above references one can find algorithms for this kind of processing, the execution of … This occurs when in the original network there is a dependent voltage. However, this operation is only defined for some cases, which are called. . . Although algorithms for this kind of processing are reported in the above references, the execution of… This occurs when there is a dependent voltage in the original network.
ГДЕ ПОСТАВИТЬ НАРЕЧИЕ? Наречие частотности А) Dying neurons do not usually exhibit these biochemical changes. The mental functions are slowed, and patients are often confused. Б) Language would never have arisen as a set of bare arbitrary terms if … Late complications may not always have been notified. В) The answer of the machine is always correct.
ГДЕ ПОСТАВИТЬ НАРЕЧИЕ? Наречия уверенности These random substitutions will probably not have a major effect. Наречия образа действия The curve rises steadily until it reaches a peak at 1. 5. This will help system administrators considerably to reboot the system.
ГДЕ ПОСТАВИТЬ НАРЕЧИЕ? Наречия времени S 1. Patients were treated once a week, and surgery was carried out as soon as possible after the decision to operate. S 2. * There has recently been an increasing interest in 3 D cellular phones. S 3. * Recently there has been an increasing interest in 3 D cellular phones. S 4. * In the last few years there has been an increasing interest in 3 D cellular phones. S 5. 3 D cellular phones have recently become the focus of considerable interest.
ГДЕ ПОСТАВИТЬ НАРЕЧИЕ? Наречия следствия и добавочности S 1. * For this reason / It follows that / As a consequence / As a result, it is not a good idea to use the old system. S 2. * The new system should be used. In addition, it should be integrated with all the data from the previous project. S 3. The old system should thus / therefore / consequently not be used. S 4. The new system should be used. It should also be integrated with all the data from the previous project.
ГДЕ ПОСТАВИТЬ НАРЕЧИЕ? Наречия контраста и слова-связки • enumerate points (firstly, secondly, finally) • add further negative support to a negative concept (moreover) • indicate a concession or begin an explanation (since, although, despite the fact) • indicate an alternative (alternatively) • attract attention or express some kind of emotion (surprisingly, intriguingly, regrettably, unfortunately) • specify (specifically, in particular) - however in most cases these can simply be deleted
СТАВЬТЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПЕРЕД СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМ. В ПРОТИВНОМ СЛУЧАЕ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТЕ ПРИДАТОЧНОЕ S 1. This is an interesting paper. S 2. *This is a paper particularly interesting for Ph. D students. S 3. This paper is particularly interesting for Ph. D students. S 4. This is a paper that is particularly interesting for Ph. D students. S 5. *We examined a patient, 30 years old, to investigate whether … S 6. We examined a patient, who was 30 years old, to investigate whether … S 7. We examined a 30 -year-old patient to investigate whether …
НЕ ВСТАВЛЯЙТЕ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ МЕЖДУ ДВУМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ S 1. * The editor main interface S 2. * The algorithm computational complexity S 3. The main interface of the editor S 4. The computational complexity of the algorithm S 5. * The main document contribution S 6. The main contribution of the document
УБЕДИТЕСЬ, ЧТО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ НЕДВУСМЫСЛЕННО S 1. *Professors like annoying students. S 2. *I spoke to the professor with a microphone. S 7. *To obtain red colors, insects and plant roots were used by indigenous people. S 10. * The European Union (EU) adopted various measures to combat these phenomena. This resulted in smog and pollution levels reduction. S 12. We also demonstrated that x does not equal y as suggested by Walker (2011).
УБЕДИТЕСЬ, ЧТО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ НЕДВУСМЫСЛЕННО S 3. Professors like to annoy their students. S 4. Professors like students who are annoying. S 5. Using a microphone, I spoke to the professor. S 6. I spoke to the professor who was holding a microphone. S 8. Insect and plant roots were used to obtain red colors. S 9. To obtain red colors, primitive people used insects and plant roots. S 11. The European Union adopted various measures to combat this phenomena. This resulted in a reduction in smog and pollution [levels]. S 13. Unlike what was suggested by Walker (2011), we demonstrated that x does not equal y. S 14. Our findings do not concur with Walker (2011). In fact, we demonstrated that x does not equal y. S 15. In agreement with Walker (2011), we demonstrated that x does not equal y.
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 1 ВЫБЕРИТЕ НАИЛУЧШЕЕ ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ (1 a) The following are some examples of rare species: (1 b) Examples of rare species are the following : (2 a) Among the factors which influence longevity of seeds, of particular importance are temperature and moisture content. (2 b) Temperature and moisture content are particularly important factors influencing the longevity of seeds. (3 a) Sometimes 802. 16 systems are referred to as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi. MAX) systems in the trade press. (3 b) In the trade press , 802. 16 systems are sometimes referred to as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi. MAX) systems. (4 a) However, this operation is only defined for some nouns , which are called countable nouns. (4 b) However, only for some nouns this operation is defined , these nouns are called countable nouns.
(5 a) To do this exercise , you do not need to be able to understand the meaning of the technical words. (5 b) You do not need to be able to understand the meaning of the technical words in order to do this exercise. (6 a) A gradual decline in germinability and in the subsequent vigor of the resultant seedling, a higher sensitivity to stresses upon germination and eventually loss of the ability to germinate are generally recorded. (6 b) There is generally a gradual decline in germinability and in the subsequent vigor of the resultant seedling, followed by a higher sensitivity to stress upon germination, and eventually a loss of the ability to germinate. (7 a) This leads to the expression in the plasma membrane of AGEs derived from misfolded proteins, which are known to transmit to surrounding cells (Fig. 2). (7 b) This leads to the expression of AGEs derived from misfolded proteins in the plasma membrane , which are known to transmit to surrounding cells (Fig. 2).
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 2 ПЕРЕФРАЗИРУЙТЕ, ИЗМЕНЯЯ КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА Concerning the role of education, it is given great emphasis in their society. = The role of education is given great emphasis in their society. = Their society gives great emphasis to the role of education. = Great emphasis is given to the role of education in their society. 1. As far as religion is concerned, it plays a fundamental role. 2. With regard to politics, the vast majority of politicians are men. 3. In relation to performance, this increased in direct relation to the number of training sessions. 4. Concerning the side effects of the treatment, only one serious effect is currently known about. 5. Regarding the best way to learn a language, several theories have recently been developed.
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 3 ИЗБАВЬТЕСЬ ОТ IT IS 1. It is possible to use several strategies to achieve these goals. Several strategies … 2. It is possible with this model to give the actual flow rate. This model gives … 3. It is certain / sure that the new laws will benefit nuclear research. The new laws will 4. It is mandatory to use X. X is … 5. It is possible to demonstrate [Kim, 2014] that … Kim [2014] … 6. It is anticipated there will be a rise in stock prices. A rise in stock prices … 7. It is regretted that no funds will be available for the next academic year. Unfortunately, …
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 4 ИЗБАВЬТЕСЬ ОТ IT IS 1. It is easy to carry out these tests. 2. It is regretted that your manuscript does not fit the scope of the conference. 3. It is possible that salaries will increase. 4. It is important to clean the samples. 5. It is necessary to define the stresses with respect to the original configuration. 6. It is highly probable that all future implantations will be required to adhere to new safety rules. 7. It would be advisable to calculate the coefficients beforehand. 8. It is reasonable to think that at least one value will equal X. 9. It is possible to use the code for other purposes as well.
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 5 ВЫБЕРИТЕ НАИЛУЧШИЙ ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ (1 a) Do you have any openings in your laboratory for Ph. D students? (1 b) Do you have any openings for Ph. D students in your laboratory? (1 c) For Ph. D students do you have any openings in your laboratory? (2 a) We are planning at my department a series of workshops on XYZ in November this year. (2 b) At my department we are planning in November this year a series of workshops on XYZ. (2 c) At my department we are planning a series of workshops on XYZ in November this year.
(3 a) I would like to request a delay in submission of manuscript #: 08 SFL-00975 until 21 October. (3 b) Until 21 October I would like to request a delay in submission of manuscript #: 08 SFL-00975. (3 c) I would like to request a delay until 21 October in submission of manuscript #: 08 SFL-00975. (4 a) Please find attached a copy of the paper for your convenience. (4 b) For your convenience, please find attached a copy of the paper. (4 c) Please, for your convenience find attached a copy of the paper.
(5 a) I inadvertently submitted my manuscript #08 CV-0069 for the SAE Magnets Congress, as an “Oral only Presentation” instead of a “Written and Oral Presentation”. (5 b) I inadvertently submitted for the SAE Magnets Congress my manuscript #08 CV-0069, as an “Oral only Presentation” instead of a “Written and Oral Presentation”. (5 c) I inadvertently submitted as an “Oral only Presentation” instead of a “Written and Oral Presentation” my manuscript #08 CV-0069 for the SAE Magnets Congress. (6 a) Please could you let me know how I can change the status of my paper. (6 b) Please you could let me know how I can change the status of my paper. (6 c) Please could you let me know how can I change the status of my paper.
(7 a) Given that our deadline is the first week of next month, I would be grateful to receive your revisions by the end of this month. (7 b) By the end of this month, given that our deadline is the first week of next month, I would be grateful to receive your revisions. (7 c) Given that our deadline is the first week of next month, I would be grateful to receive by the end of this month your revisions. (8 a) I have raised this problem twice before in fact as you can see from the attached emails below. (8 b) From the attached emails below, as you can see I have in fact raised this problem twice before. (8 c) As you can see from the attached emails below, I have in fact raised this problem twice before.
(9 a) To speed the process up very much anything you could do would be appreciated. (9 b) Anything could you do to speed the process up would be appreciated very much. (9 c) Anything you could do to speed the process up would be very much appreciated. (10 a) I resubmitted my manuscript (ID 09– 00236. R 1), revised according to the Editor’s and Referees’ comments, on April 3 of this year. (10 b) Revised according to the Editor’s and Referees’ comments, on April 3 of this year I resubmitted my manuscript (ID 09– 00236. R 1). (10 c) On April 3 of this year I resubmitted my manuscript (ID 09– 00236. R 1), revised according to the Editor’s and Referees’ comments.
УПРАЖНЕНИЕ 6 ИСПРАВЬТЕ ОШИБКЕ В ПОРЯДКЕ СЛОВ 1. This leaves intact for at least six weeks the sample. 2. Many are the substances that are harmful to human beings. 3. This book shares with the previous one several aspects. 4. For several years with this system we have had problems. 5. The female chimpanzees immediately after giving birth are generally quite weak.
6. After the written examinations each student has between May and June an oral exam. 7. The presence in written English of long sentences can cause problems for the reader. 8. In English is not commonly found a sentence construction that does not reflect the following order: subject verb object. 9. In the USA farmers have inadvertently introduced into the environment several dangerous species of insects. 10. One way to avoid such behavior in adults is treatment before the age of 16 with a high dose of insulin.
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