POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT Departement of Agroindustrial Technology Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Bogor Agricultural University

“And We Make Every Living Things from Water” (Q. S. 21: 30) Solar Energy 6 CO 2 + 6 H 20 6 CH 2 O + 6 O 2

Water As a Life Support Systems Earth as a Planet Water Earth's surface: water ¾, ¼ land 97% is salt water from 7 ocean 3% of fresh water from rivers, lakes, groundwater, glaciers Number of about 9000 km 3 for the entire world population

Ground Water and Surface Water (0. 003%) Glasier and latent (2. 997%) Brine (97%)

Water As a Life Support Systems

Unique properties of water High boiling point but a low freezing point – Remain liquid despite the climatic conditions Power save big heat, slightly change the temperature – organism protection against drastic temperature changes – make the Earth's climate so moderate – Good coolant Good solvent – transport nutrients to tissues and metabolic waste out of network – Washing media or clening easy polluted! Water Anomaly - Expand when cooled

Hydrological Cycle

PART 1 CATEGORIES OF SIGNIFICANT POLLUTANT AND IT’S IMPACT

Source of Waste Domestic Waste : household Non – Domestic Waste: industry, Agriculture, mining, livestock, etc

Waste Characteristics Micro-sized (ppm) Dynamic Have broad impact (spread) Long-term impact (between generations)

Water/ Waste Water Parameter Physical Parameters Chemical Parameters – Anorganic chemical – Organic chemical Biological Parameters

Physical Pollutant Suspended Solids prevents light penetration into the water and affect aquatic life Organic solids (sludge) decomposition process decomposition of dissolved organic matter, causing oxygen depletion and the incidence of toxic gases and smelly Color: aesthetic, although it is not too dangerous Oil, grease and floating material: the aesthetic Odor and evaporate materials: air pollution and aesthetic Temperature: its influence is very large dimension

Dissolved Organic Matter The main cause of pollution of water bodies Effect of oxygen depletion of water bodies Effect of gas and toxic compounds

Dissolved Organic Matter Aerobic Degradation 6 CH 2 O (KH) + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + energy Protein nitrate (NO 3 -), Phosphate (PO 43 -) and Sulfate (SO 4=) Anaerobic Degradation 6 CH 2 O (KH) 3 CH 4 + 3 CO 2 complex compounds ammonia, nitrite, sulfide acid, P-organic

Organic Matter Toxic Material

Nutrient CO 2 + H 2 O + PO 43 - +NO 3 - Carbohydrate + Protein + O 2 Nutrients (N, P) is often the limiting growth Source: domestic waste, agricultural activities (fertilizers), industry (detergent) Causes of eutrophication Materials toxic, corrosive, odor, algae (hard filtered), aesthetic

Toxic Organic Materials Pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides), PCBs, Detergents, Industrial Waste Pesticides: not only toxic to the target, but also other fauna flora The nature of persistent, bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification

Toxic Organic Materials Relative toxicity of pesticides on aquatic animals Type of Pesticide Plankton shrimp Crab Scallop Fish Herbicide 1 1 1 Organochloride x 300 x 100 x 500 Organophosphate x 0. 5 x 1000 x 800 x 1 x 2

Toxic Organic Materials Toxicity (4 days LC 50) of various insecticides of fish Insecticides Toxicity (ppm) DDT Dieldrin Aldrin Heptaklor Endrin > 1 – 0. 03 2. 5 – 0. 016 0. 05 – 0. 03 0. 25 – 0. 09 0. 0015 – 0. 001 Malathion Parathion 13. 0 – 12. 5 1. 4 – 2. 7 Note : LC 50 1 -50 ppm value are generally considered highly toxic

Organochlorine Organophosphate

Biomagnification Insecticides in Food Chain

Toxic Organic Materials PCBs are chemical similar to organochlorine insecticides (chemical combination of chlorine with compounds similar to petroleum) Function: to increase flexibility and resistance to fire and oxidation of PVC and polystyrene Used in synthetic rubber products, printer ink, power tools

Toxic Organic Materials General Characteristic of PCB Parameter Description Shape Liqiud like oil, semi- solid Boiling point ( o. C) 278 -415, not volatile Solubility Not soluble in water, very soluble in fat Trade Name Arochlors, produced by Monsanto

Several chemical structure of PCBs

Toxic Organic Materials Detergent • Toxic to fish • Containing P (a type of nutrient) • ABS : hard surfactant, non-biodegradable • LAS : soft surfactant, biodegradable • ABS and LAS survive in the handling of liquid waste, reduce DO and cause the foam, the problem of aesthetic

Chemical Structure of ABS and LAS

Toxic Organic Materials Industrial Waste § Industrial waste, is very diverse types of chemical and its impact on the environment § Generally a mixture of various chemicals

Toxic Organic Materials Some types of pollutants are generally found in wastewater Industry Electroplating and process of iron / steel Pulp and paper Polutant in waste water CN, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Zn, Sn, Ag Gas production Fiber, acid / alkaline, chlorine-free, resin, starch, titanium dioxide Chalk, Cr, sulfides, oils / fats, alkali and organic materials phenol, ammonia, cyanide, sulfide Battery Manufacture Sulphate acid Aluminium Refining Alkali Chemicals Acid, alkali, phenol, amina Tannery

Toxic Organic Materials Some lethal (LC 50) concentration of pollutan in waste water Concentration Test Time Materials (hour) in Water(ppm) Trout Na and KCN 74 0. 07 Perch Na and KCN 17 0. 13 Bass Na and KCN 24 0. 11 Sunfish Phenol 1 55 -90 Sunfish Anilin 1 1020 -1122 Perch Phenol 1 9 -20 H 2 S 6 minute 16 Type of Fish Sticklebacks

Petrochemical Materials Source : extraction activity, transportation, and using petrochemical product Complex natural products, gaseous, liquid or semi-solid, a mixture of thousands of hydrocarbons (a combination of hydrogen and carbon, with a bit of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or other elements) There are two general groups, saturated hydrocarbons (high proportion of hydrogen) and aromatic hydrocarbons (the proportion of low hydrogen) Saturated hydrocarbons are relatively less toxic, less soluble in water, and less resistant to biological degradation Aromatic hydrocarbons are generally toxic, more soluble in water (low Molecular Weight), more resistant to biological degradation

Petrochemical Materials Toxicity of aromatic hydrocarbons on fish Compounds Benzene lethal concentration (ppm) 35 -37 Toluene 61 -65 Naphtalene 4 -40

Examples of Hydrocarbons in Petroleum

Physical, Chemical and Biological Petroleum. Changes in Water

Heavy Metal In fact trace metals are essentiall for growth of animals and plants. Fe hemoglobin in blood, Mg chlorophyll. Other metals which was originally considered to be toxic (Cr, Ni, Sn) was an essential element as well. "Heavy Metal" (Periodic Table Group IB-VIIIB, atomic number 21 -84, except for rare earth elements) are more toxic than "Light Metal" (Li, Na, Ca, Mg) This phenomenon also applies to metal bioaccumulation Accumulation of Cd in oysters: 300 ppm (dry weight) ~ accumulated more than 2 million times

Heavy Metal toxicity is influenced by: – chemical Shape metals – The existence of another horse's bit, salt, etc. . – Environmental conditions: temperature, salinity, DO, etc. Metal toxicity generally follow the sequence as follows: Hg > Ag, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb > Sn, Al, Ni, Fe, Cr, Co

Biological Pollutants Living things as a pollutant, such as animals, plants (algae), microorganisms (bacteria and viruses) Can cause negative impacts on lives of native species

Part 2 Quantification Content of Organic Materials

Quantification Content of Organic Materials Agregat Parameter vs specific component Equity with oxygen demand (BOD, COD, Th. OD) Determination of organic carbon (TOC) Determination of specific components of general use GC, HPLC, MS, AAS, etc.

Quantification Content of Organic Materials BOD Measuring organic carbon that can be biologically degraded BOD Standard: 5 day incubation, 20 o. C BOD 5 = (DO 0 -DO 5) x dilution factor DO 0 ~ 8 – 10 mg/l, 1. 5 mg/l < DO 5 < 7 mg/l Provision of seeds that have been acclimatized microorganisms may be necessary to sample with a low content biomass or are difficult to degrade Water diluent need enriched with nutrients and trace elements

Quantification Content of Organic Materials COD Measure the total organic carbon (except aromatic) His reaction is the oxidation-reduction; other reduced materials (S, SO 2, Fe) will also be oxidized and is calculated as COD Oxidation by dichromate in acid solution. When used well as a catalyst (Silver Sulfate), more than 90 percent of the oxidation of organic materials can be achieved About 3 hours of test time

Quantification Content of Organic Materials TOC Measure all the carbon as CO 2; inorganic carbon (CO 2, HCO 3 -, etc. ) that exist in the sample must be removed first or correction Excellence TOC measurement is a simple, quick (36 minutes) and carefully, so that is suitable for routine monitoring and control

Quantification Content of Organic Materials Th. OD Calculate theoretical oxygen required to oxidize organic materials into a final product

Quantification Content of Organic Materials Interpretation of the results of analysis of organic materials Correlation between the parameters of BOD, COD and TOC provides useful information For toxic waste may occur the phenomenon of "sliding BOD" The ratio of BOD / COD is influenced by the level of waste treatment. Correlations are also only valid for a free sample of SS (filtered samples) There was no correlation between BOD and COD in effluent which contains refractory material

Quantification Content of Organic Materials Interpretation of the results of analysis of organic materials For most organic materials COD ~ Th. OD For material that is easily degraded COD ~ BODL / 0. 92 For waste containing non-degradable fraction, the difference between total COD and BODL / 0. 92 is the fraction of non-degradable

Debit, Concentration and Expenses One of the differences in traditional and modern approaches to water quality. Formerly limited to determining the maximum concentration of pollutants, is now more emphasis on the actual load (mg COD/day) = concentration COD (mg/l) x debit (l/hari) Emphasis on the actual load of waste minimization efforts, either lower the volume or concentration of waste For benchmarking the performance efficiency of the industry, for example, to find out Kg COD / ton product Kg BOD / ton of raw materials

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