Политические конфликты и проблемы их урегулирования Conflictus – «столкновение» , «серьёзное разногласие» , «спор» .
POLITICAL CONFLICTS AND PROBLEMS OF ITS RESOLUTION Conflictus – crash, clash, quarrel, misunderstanding, faulty international relations
International conflict: International conflict is an essential no coincidence (несовпадение) of national interests in course of developments of inter governmental relations between contacting countries The highest phase of any international conflict is war
Look at a list of wars launched from 2011 onwards: • • • Libyan civil war, Egyptian War on Terror in Sinai 2011 Yemeni revolution, Syrian civil war, Sudan internal conflict (2011–present), South Sudan internal conflict (2011–present), The War in Somalia (2009–present), 2011–present Libyan factional fighting, Northern Mali conflict (2012–present), 2012 South Sudan–Sudan border war, 2012– 2013 Central African Republic conflict
Nature of conflicts: conflicts are inevitable between human beings conflicts are often beneficial conflicts are the natural result of change conflicts can and should be managed
People differ, so they: see things differently want different things have different thinking styles, which prompts them to disagree are predisposed to disagree have different personalities
People differ, so they: have different status have ideological and philosophical differences have different goals have different approaches are influenced by fear, force, fairness or funds
Reasons for appearance of scientific approach towards conflicts: 1. Conflict – is a form of antagonism of subjects, created by their contradictive approaches to essential interests of subjective and objective character
Reasons for appearance of scientific approach towards conflicts: • 2. Conflicts – are historic by its nature, they depend: on a social system, on a type of existing society, on a concrete international situation.
Reasons for appearance of scientific approach towards conflicts: • 3. Conflict – is resolved, any design of a positive process which tries to incorporate conflict from the start needs to be cautious not to let it degenerate into the negative types of conflict.
Reasons for appearance of scientific approach towards conflicts: • 4. Conflicts – have different forms: - class conflict, - race conflict, - ethnic conflict, - religious conflict
Reasons for appearance of scientific approach towards conflicts: 1. Conflict – is a form of antagonism of subjects 2. Conflicts – are historic by its nature 3. Conflicts – are resolved 4. Conflicts – have different forms
Conflict resolution: • Conflict resolution is conceptualized as the methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict. • Ultimately, a wide range of methods and procedures for addressing conflict exist, including but not limited to: • negotiation, • mediation, • diplomacy, and • creative peace building.
Conflict resolution: • Is it possible to prevent conflict? • In what way any conflict may be managed? • Why participants can’t behave themselves properly? • What is to be done to stop brutality during military conflicts? • Is it correct to create some international rules for resolution of conflicts?
Sun Tzu 孫子; Sūn Zǐ; (6 th century BCE) was a Chinese General, military strategist, and author of The Art of War, an immensely influential ancient Chinese book on military strategy
Sun Tzu about war: • It is said that if you know your enemies and know yourself, you will not be imperiled (подвержен опасности)in a hundred battles; • if you do not know your enemies but do know yourself, you will win one and lose one; • if you do not know your enemies nor yourself, you will be imperiled in every single battle.
Sun Tzu about war: • The general who advances without coveting fame (жажды славы) and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom. • A leader leads by example not by force. • The true objective of war is peace. • In peace prepare for war. In war prepare for peace.
Costs of War by Sun Tzu: • Raising an army of 100, 000 for a distant military campaign will impose severe strains on the incomes of the people. • This, together with the drain on the state treasury, will amount to a daily expenditure of 1000 pieces of gold. • There will be great commotion and disruption of peace at home and abroad, and people will be exhausted from transporting military supplies along supply routes. • The disruption to work, jobs and various professions will affect 700, 000 households.
Confucius (551– 479 BCE) emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity.
Confucius belief: • The core of Confucianism is humanism • The focus of spiritual concern is this world and the family, not the gods and not the afterlife • This stance rests on the belief that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavor especially self-cultivation and selfcreation
Confucius loyalty: • Confucius never stated whether man was born good or evil, noting that 'By nature men are similar; by practice men are wide apart' — implying that whether good or bad, Confucius must have perceived all men to be born with intrinsic similarities, but that man is conditioned and influenced by study and practice. • Loyalty to one's family came first, then to one's spouse, then to one's ruler, and lastly to one's friends. Loyalty was considered by Confucius as one of the greater human virtues.
Confucius ideal: • Confucianism exhorts all people to strive for the ideal of a "gentleman" or "perfect man". A succinct (краткое)description of the "perfect man" is one who "combines the qualities of saint, scholar, and gentleman. “ • They were to: • cultivate themselves morally; • show filial (сыновий, дочерний) piety and loyalty where these are due; • cultivate humanity, or benevolence (благожелательность)
Confucianism: • Confucius's principles had a basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong family loyalty, • ancestor (прародитель)worship, respect of elders by their children (and in traditional interpretations) of husbands by their wives. • He also recommended family as a basis for ideal government. He espoused the well-known principle "Do not do to others what you do not want to be done to yourself"
Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BCE) was a pre. Socratic Greek philosopher
Heraclitus ideas: • Heraclitus is famous for his insistence on everpresent change in the universe, as stated in the famous saying, "No man ever steps in the same river twice” • People must "follow the common" and not live having "their own judgment". He distinguishes between human laws and divine law.
Heraclitus ideas: • He removes the human sense of justice from his concept of God; - humanity is not the image of God: "To God all things are fair and good and just, but people hold some things wrong and some right. “ • God's custom has wisdom but human custom does not, and yet both humans and God are childish (inexperienced): "human opinions are children's toys" and "Eternity is a child moving counters (фишки) in a game; the kingly power is a child's. "
Democritus (460 – 370 BC), an Ancient Greek philosopher
Democritus thoughts: • the Earth is round, • originally the universe is composed of nothing but tiny atoms churning in chaos, until they collided together to form larger units—including the earth and everything on it. • everything is composed of "atoms", which are physically, but not geometrically, indivisible; • between atoms lies empty space; • atoms are indestructible; have always been, and always will be, in motion; • there an infinite number of atoms, and kinds of atoms, which differ in shape, and size.
Democritus thoughts: • Anger, while difficult to control, must be mastered in order for one to be rational. • Those who take pleasure from the disasters of their neighbors fail to understand that their fortunes are tied to the society in which they live, and they rob themselves of any joy of their own. • The early period of mankind is - as one of learning by trial and error
Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430), also known as St. Augustine or St. Augoustinos, was bishop of Hippo Regius (present-day Annaba, Algeria)
St. Augoustinos considerations: • He is generally considered to be one of the greatest Christian thinkers of all time. His writings were very influential in the development of Western Christianity. • He developed his own approach to philosophy and theology, accommodating a variety of methods and different perspectives. • He believed that the grace of Christ was indispensable to human freedom and he framed the concepts of original sin and just war.
St. Augoustinos considerations: • He took the view that everything in the universe was created simultaneously by God, and not in seven calendar days like a plain account of Genesis would require. • He argued that the six-day structure of creation presented in the book of Genesis represents a logical framework, rather than the passage of time in a physical way — it would bear a spiritual, rather than physical, meaning, which is no less literal. • Defense of one's self or others could be a necessity, especially when authorized by a legitimate authority.
Saint Thomas Aquinas, (1225 – 1274), also Thomas of Aquin or Aquino, an Italian Dominican priest
Thomas Aquinas law: • He distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, human, and divine. • Eternal law is the decree of God that governs all creation. • Natural law is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason. • Human law is positive law. • Divine law is the specially revealed law in the scriptures.
Thomas Aquinas • A human is a single material substance, but still should be understood as having an immaterial soul, which continues after bodily death. • Christians should be pacifists philosophically, but that they should use defense as a means of preserving peace in the long run. • A war must not be preemptive, but defensive, to restore peace
Thomas Aquinas • The conditions under which a war could be just: • First, war must occur for a good and just purpose rather than the pursuit of wealth or power. • Second, just war must be waged by a properly instituted authority such as the state. • Third, peace must be a central motive even in the midst of violence
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543), a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a comprehensive heliocentric model which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center of the universe.
Nicolaus Copernicus book: • The publication of Copernicus' epochal book, (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), just before his death in 1543, is considered a major event in the history of science. • Despite urging by his closest friends, he resisted openly publishing his views, not wishing—as he confessed—to risk the scorn (презрение) "to which he would expose himself on account of the novelty and incomprehensibility of his theses.
Nicolaus Copernicus theory: • 1. There is no one center of all the celestial circles or spheres. • 2. The center of the earth is not the center of the universe, but only of gravity and of the lunar sphere. • 3. All the spheres revolve about the sun as their mid-point, and therefore the sun is the center of the universe.
The Copernican principle: • In physical cosmology, the Copernican principle, named after Nicolaus Copernicus, states that the Earth is not in a central, specially favored position. • More recently, the principle has been generalized to the relativistic concept that humans are not privileged observers of the universe.
Frombork Cathedral • Copernicus died in Frombork on 24 May 1543. • Copernicus' remains were located in 2008 • On 22 May 2010 Copernicus was given a second funeral • A black granite tombstone now bears a representation of Copernicus' model of the solar system—a golden sun encircled by six of the planets
Copernicus' 2010 grave, Frombork Cathedral
Giordano Bruno (1548 – February 17, 1600), born Filippo Bruno, was an Italian Dominican friar (монах), philosopher, mathematician and astronomer.
Giordano Bruno theories: • His cosmological theories went beyond the Copernican model in proposing that the Sun was essentially a star, and moreover, that the universe contained an infinite number of inhabited worlds populated by other intelligent beings. • The stars in the sky are really other suns like our own, around which orbited other planets
Giordano Bruno theories: • The universe is then one, infinite (бесконечное пространство), immobile (неподвижна). . It is not capable of comprehension and therefore is endless and limitless, and to that extent infinite and indeterminable, and consequently immobile. • He completely abandoned the idea of a hierarchical universe.
Lust days of Bruno: • In 1592 in Rome he was imprisoned for seven years during his lengthy trial for immoral conduct, and heresy in matters of dogmatic theology. • Cardinal Bellarmine demanded a full recantation from the idea of plurality of worlds. Bruno eventually refused. • On January 20, 1600, Pope Clement VIII declared Bruno a heretic and the Inquisition issued a sentence of death. • He was quickly turned over to the secular authorities and, on February 17, 1600 in the Campo de' Fiori, a central Roman market square, "his tongue imprisoned because of his wicked words" he was burned at the stake.
The latest opinion of Rome: • On the 400 th anniversary of Bruno's death, in 2000, Cardinal Angelo Sodano declared Bruno's death to be a "sad episode" but, despite his regret, he defended Bruno's prosecutors, maintaining that the Inquisitors "had the desire to serve freedom and promote the common good and did everything possible to save his life”.
The monument in 1870 was sharply opposed by the clerical party, but was finally erected by the Rome Municipality and inaugurated in 1889.
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer
Art of War (1519 -1520): • He developed the philosophy of limited warfare: • that is, when diplomacy fails, war is an extension of politics. • Art of War also emphasizes the necessity of a state militia and promotes the concept of armed citizenry. • He believed that all society, religion, science, and art rested on the security provided by the military
Machiavelli experience: • Machiavelli had served for fourteen years as secretary to the Chancery of Florence and • personally observed and reported back to his government on • the size, composition, • weaponry, morale, • and logistical capabilities of the most effective militaries of his day
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury (5 April 1588 – 4 December 1679), was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy.
Thomas Hobbes developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: • the right of the individual; • the natural equality of all men; • the artificial character of the political order (which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state); • the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; • and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid
Thomas Hobbes and war: • The first Law of nature is • • that every man ought to endeavor peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it; and when he cannot obtain it, that he may seek and use all helps and advantages of war.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18 th-century Romanticism of French expression.
Rousseau influence: • His political philosophy influenced the French Revolution as well as the overall development of modern political, sociological, and educational thought. • Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophes among members of the Jacobin Club. Rousseau, a Freemason, was interred (предан земле) as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death.
Rousseau ideas about civilians: • Rousseau posits that the original, deeply flawed Social Contract, • which led to the modern state, was made at the suggestion of the rich and powerful, • who tricked the general population into surrendering their liberties to them and • instituted inequality as a fundamental feature of human society.
Rousseau and Human rights: • The idea of human rights is closely related to that of natural rights; some recognize no difference between the two and regard both as labels for the same thing • The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an important legal instrument enshrining one conception of natural rights into international soft law.
Adam Smith (5 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy
Smith influence: • He is cited as the father of modern economics and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today. • In 2009, Smith was named among the "Greatest Scots" of all time, in a vote run by Scottish television. • He spent ten years writing The Wealth of Nations and published it in 1776.
Smith life: • His personal papers were destroyed after his death at his request. • He never married and seems to have maintained a close relationship with his mother, with whom he lived and who died six years before his own death. • He was described as comically absent-minded; he was known to talk to himself; he would smile in rapt conversation with invisible companions
Smith ideas: • Every individual necessarily labours to render the annual revenue of the society as great as he can. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. • He intends only his own gain, and he is in this, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. • By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intends to promote it.
Robert Owen (1771 – 1858) was a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.
Owen's philosophy was based on three intellectual pillars: • First, no one was responsible for his will and his own actions because his whole character is formed independently of himself; people are products of their heredity and environment • Second, all religions are based on the same ridiculous imagination, that make man a weak, imbecile (неразумным) animal; a furious bigot (приверженцем) and fanatic; or a miserable (жалким)hypocrite (лицемером). • Third, support for the putting-out (устраивающуюся) system instead of the factory system.
Robert Owen's work had been that of a philanthropist. His first departure in socialism took place in 1817 • Communities of about twelve hundred persons each should be settled on quantities of land from 1, 000 to 1, 500 acres (4 to 6 km 2), all living in one large building in the form of a square, with public kitchen and mess-rooms (столовые). • Each family should have its own private apartments and the entire care of the children till the age of three, after which they should be brought up by the community; their parents would have access to them at meals and all other proper times. • He purposed to create a life of complete equality in regards to wages in which each person in the society (after the age of 15) would receive according to their needs. • Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race
Socialism and trade unions • The word "socialism" first became current in the discussions of the "Association of all Classes of all Nations“ • He organize the co-operative movement and trade unions. • A trade union (British English), labour union (Canadian English) or labor union (American English) is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions.
Owen and anarchism • Trade unions as such were endorsed by the Catholic Church towards the end of the 19 th century. Pope Leo XIII in his "Magna Carta"— Rerum Novarum—spoke against the atrocities workers faced and demanded that workers should be granted certain rights and safety regulations. • Owen was one of the precursors of the anarchosyndicalists, seeking to "replace the privilege and authority of the State" with the "free and spontaneous organization of labor”.
Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg in Prussia (today Kaliningrad, Russia)
Immanuel Kant's 1795 essay, "Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" • Perpetual (вечный) Peace is structured in two parts. The "Preliminary Articles" described the steps that should be taken immediately, or with all deliberate speed: • "No secret treaty of peace shall be held valid in which there is tacitly reserved matter for a future war" • "No independent states, large or small, shall come under the dominion of another state by inheritance, exchange, purchase, or donation"
Perpetual Peace • "Standing armies shall in time be totally abolished" • "National debts shall not be contracted with a view to the external friction of states" • "No state shall by force interfere with the constitution or government of another state" • "No state shall, during war, permit such acts of hostility which would make mutual confidence in the subsequent peace impossible: such are the employment of assassins, poisoners, breach of capitulation, and incitement (подстрекательство)to treason in the opposing state”
Perpetual Peace • Three Definitive Articles would provide not merely a cessation of hostilities, but a foundation on which to build a peace. • "The civil constitution of every state should be republican" • "The law of nations shall be founded on a federation of free states" • "The law of world citizenship shall be limited to conditions of universal hospitality"
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770 – 1831) was a major figure in German Idealism
The historicist position by Hegel • The historicist position by Hegel suggests that any human society and all human activities such as science, art, or philosophy, are defined by their history, so that their essence can be sought only through understanding that. • To understand why a person is the way he is, you must put that person in a society: and to understand that society, you must understand its history, and the forces that shaped it
Idealism by Hegel • Idealists are understood to represent the world as it might or should be, unlike pragmatists, who focus on the world as it presently is. • Hegel made the distinction between civil society and state. They are in the dialectical relationship that occurs between the macrocommunity of the state and the microcommunity of the family.
Carl Philipp Gottfried von Clausewitz, (1780 – 1831) was a German-Prussian soldier and military theorist who stressed the "moral" and political aspects of war.
Clausewitz and war • "War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will. • "War is merely the continuation of policy by other means. “ • Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning
Clausewitz and war • "In describing the essence of war, Marxism. Leninism takes Clausewitz idea that war is not an aim in itself, but rather a tool of politics. • In his remarks on Clausewitz's On War, Lenin stressed that "Politics is the reason, and war is only the tool, not the other way around. Consequently, it remains only to subordinate the military point of view to the political.
Clausewitz and Mao Zedong • Clausewitz directly influenced Mao Zedong, who read On War in 1938 and organized a seminar on Clausewitz as part of the educational program for the Party leadership. • Thus the "Clausewitzian" content in many of Mao's writings is not merely second-hand knowledge via Lenin (as many have supposed), but reflects Mao's own in-depth study.
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 – 1860) was a German philosopher, impressed by Vedantic and Buddhist thinkers
A key focus of Schopenhauer was his investigation of individual motivation. • Schopenhauer believed that humans were motivated by only their own basic desires • He declared monarchy as "that which is natural to man" for "intelligence has always under a monarchical government a much better chance against its irreconcilable and ever-present foe, stupidity" and disparaged republicanism as "unnatural as it is unfavourable to the higher intellectual life and the arts and sciences.
Schopenhauer and religion • Schopenhauer attributed civilizational primacy to the northern "white races" due to their sensitivity and creativity. • Schopenhauer adored Upanishads and Buddhism. • The Four Noble Truths are regarded as the central doctrine of the Buddhist tradition. What ordinary folk call happiness, the enlightened ones call dukkha. • These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (Pali; commonly translated as "suffering", "anxiety", "stress", "dissatisfaction"), its causes, and how it can be overcome.
Ethics • Schopenhauer's moral theory proposed that only compassion (сострадание) сan drive moral acts. • Mankind can also be guided by egoism and malice (злоба). Egotistic acts are those guided by self-interest, desire for pleasure or happiness. Schopenhauer believed most of our deeds belong to this class. • Acts of malice are different from egotistic acts. As in the case of acts of compassion, these do not target personal utility. Their aim is to cause damage to others, independently of personal gains.
Ethics • Choices are not made freely. • Our actions are necessary and determined because "every human being, even every animal, after the motive has appeared, must carry out the action which alone is in accordance with his inborn and immutable character. « • Music to be a timeless, universal, language which is comprehended everywhere, and can imbue (насыщать, пропитывать) global enthusiasm, if in possession of a significant melody.
Love affairs • He gave a name to a force within man which he felt had invariably precedence over reason: the Will to Live or Will to Life defined as an inherent drive within human beings. • The ultimate aim of all love affairs. . . is more important than all other aims in man's life; and therefore it is quite worthy of the profound seriousness with which everyone pursues it. • These ideas foreshadowed the discovery of evolution, Freud's concepts of the libido and the unconscious mind.
Schopenhauer by his critics • 'He habitually dined well, at a good restaurant; • he had many trivial love-affairs, which were sensual but not passionate; • It is hard to find in his life evidences of any virtue except kindness to animals. . . • In all other respects he was completely selfish. It is difficult to believe that a man who was profoundly convinced of the virtue of asceticism and resignation would never have made any attempt to embody his convictions in his practice.
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844 – 1900) was a German philosopher, poet, composer, cultural critic, and classical philologist.
Nietzsche works • He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and aphorism. • In 1889, at the age of forty-four, he suffered a collapse and a complete loss of his mental faculties. • His sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche acted as curator and editor of Nietzsche's manuscripts during his illness.
Nietzsche ideas • His works remain controversial, due to interpretations and misinterpretations of his work. • Nietzsche claimed that the Christian faith as practiced was not a proper representation of Jesus' teachings, as it forced people merely to believe in the way of Jesus but not to act as Jesus did, in particular his example of refusing to judge people, something that Christians had constantly done the opposite of.
Nietzsche ideas • The initial form of morality was set by a warrior aristocracy and other ruling castes of ancient civilizations. Aristocratic values of "good" and "bad" coincided with and reflected their relationship to lower castes such as slaves. • To be "good" was to be happy and to have things related to happiness: wealth, strength, health, power, etc. • To be "bad" was to be like the slaves over which the aristocracy ruled, poor, weak, sick, pathetic—an object of pity or disgust rather than hatred. • Nietzsche sees slave morality as pessimistic and fearful
Nietzsche ideas • A basic element in Nietzsche's philosophical outlook is the will to power which provides a basis for understanding human behavior. • Another concept important to an understanding of Nietzsche's thought is the "overman", "superman", or "super-human“ • Zarathustra presents the overman as the creator of new values, and he appears as a solution to the problem of the death of God and nihilism.
Nietzsche influence • Hitler probably never read Nietzsche and, if he did, his reading was not extensive, although he was a frequent visitor to the Nietzsche museum in Weimar and did use expressions of Nietzsche's, such as "lords of the earth" in Mein Kampf (My struggle). • The Nazis made selective use of Nietzsche's philosophy. • Mussolini, Charles de Gaulle read Nietzsche. • Richard Nixon read Nietzsche with "curious interest“.
Sociology of conflict • Cozer L. Functions of Social Conflicts. 1956. • Darendorf R. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. 1959. • Conflicts are inevitable and indispensable. • Principles of pluralism and democracy give a possibility to create some mechanisms for management of conflicts
Negative functions of conflict • • • Degradation of living standards Inadequate assumption of events Reducing of level of cooperation Arising of spirit of confrontation Material and emotional expenditures Psychological consequences
Positive functions of conflict • • Open the way for further development Playing informative and binding roles Leads to unity Stimulate social activity Create a filling of responsibility Helps to judge a real value of people Take off tensions Expose the reasons of contradictions
Conflict resolution • The methods and processes involved in facilitating the peaceful ending of conflict. • Main tasks: • - finding basic forms of political conflicts and their individualities • - discovery of essence of conflicts, their reasons, participants and stages of development • - search of possibility of conflict resolution
Publications • The Journal of Conflict Resolution • The International Journal of Conflict Management • Journal of Peace Research • Negotiation Journal • International Negotiation: A Journal of Theory and Practice
Education • George Mason University’s Institute of Conflict Analysis and Resolution offers undergraduate, certificate and masters programs in Conflict Analysis and Resolution and a Ph. D. program in The Philosophy in Conflict and Conflict Resolution. • Nova Southeastern University offers a Ph. D. in Conflict Analysis & Resolution which trains students in the skills and techniques of practice, interdisciplinary research, policy and program development, historical critique, cultural analysis, and theoretical foundations of the field.
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