Planning Biophilic Cities in Russia Prof Alessio Russo

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РЕГИСТРАЦИЯ

Planning Biophilic Cities in Russia Prof. Alessio Russo, Ph. D Head of Laboratory of Urban and Landscape Design

Who Am I?

Who Am I? • BSc Plant Production, Univ. of Naples • MSc Landscape Design and Planning, Univ. of Pisa • Ph. D Urban Forestry, Univ. of Bologna • PG Specialization Healing Garden Design, Univ. of Milan

• The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group 1 Forth Assessment Report 2007 set out the scientific basis behind theory that man-made emissions of carbon have ‘forced’ global climate change. It warns that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above the current rate would cause further warming, and larger changes than have been seen during the past century.

http: //www. nordregio. se

Urban sprawl

Eden Prairie, Florida

Housing Subdivision, Arizona http: //christophgielen. com/

Urban Heat Island Issue The annual mean temperature of cities is several degrees warmer than their surrounding areas Source: http: //heatisland. lbl. gov

Source: raineribiodiversity

SOIL SEALING

We need to plan sufficient space for green infrastructure that delivers Ecosystem services at macro, meso and micro scales to address the causes of global warming, and to adapt to the consequences of a changed climate Source: West 8

Urban residents need nature more than ever, and more work is needed in finding creative and effective means for incorporating it into urban environments (i. e. biophilia).

The concept of biophilic urbanism is inspired by Wilson’s (1993) concept of ‘biophilia’ that suggests we have an innate affinity with nature and that increasing nature in cities can lead to many benefits

Vertical Forest

Beatley &Newman 2013

Ecosystem sevices Servizi ecosistemici – servizi ambientali “Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems” Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)

Human health and well-being depend on ‘‘ecosystem goods and services’’ (Costanza et al. 1997)

Sustainable cities Ecosystem services Human Health + well-being

Source: DEFRA

Cultural services

The view of natural elements within a city deliver important positive impacts on mood and reduction of fatigue and enhancing individual resilience and health (Beatley & Newman 2013).

Urban green spaces are important in cities due to the opportunities they provide to people to come in contact with nature and with each other.

Clean air

AVERAGE ANNUAL POLLUTION REMOVAL O 3= 4. 2 g/m 2 PM 10= 2. 6 g/m 2 NO 2= 1. 5 g/m 2 CO = 0. 1 g/m 2 Tot. 1212. 35 kg Tot. 734. 82 kg Tot. 435. 84 kg Tot. 33. 07 kg

Source: www. unl. edu

Noise reduction

Issue • 80 million (approximately 20%) of the European Union’s population suffer from noise levels considered unacceptable (>65 d. B in so-called “black areas”)

Source: www. unl. edu

Provisioning services Production of food Urban Horticulture 1) Allotment gardens; 2) Community gardens; 3) School gardens and city farms.

Botanic gardens and historic gardens Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Australia University of Helsinki Botanical Garden, Finland Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden

GREEN ROOFS

Source: Ángel Franco/The New York Times

Source: http: //www. urbangreenworks. org/

Source: Salafsky, N. , 1994. Forest gardens in the Gunung Palung region of West Kalimanta, Indonesia. Agrofor. Syst. 28, 237– 268

School Gardens

Vegetable raingardens Source: Melbourne Water

Ecosystem disservices • Vegetables and soil contaminated by heavy metals and pollutants • Pollen allergies • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) • Fruit fall problem • Water pollution from fertilizers and chemicals • Water consumption

Water services

The Australian National Water Commission defines water sensitive urban design as ensuring “…that urban water management is sensitive to natural hydrological and ecological cycles. It integrates urban planning with the management, protection and conservation of the urban water cycle”.