Pieces of Eight Presented by: Quality Quinn
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Process for Leadership § Challenge the process § search for opportunities § change status quo § Inspiring a shared vision § imagine the ideal situation § Enabling others to act § foster cooperation § modeling the way § Encouraging the heart to begin the journey
State of the Nation l Annual testing -NO CHILD LEFT BEHIND l The Real Agenda: The STEMs l Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathem l atics Social Studies
How we can help? l Prepare for early success l Prevent learners from falling behind l Intervene for below level learners l Challenge above grade level learners
The Model l l Rigorous state Standards that raise expectations Curriculum and benchmarks aligned to state standards Quality, on-going professional development for teachers who support and teach reading Resources to support new instructional strategies and classroom management strategies Informal classroom diagnostic assessment for reading and growth Maximizing Federal Dollars (Title 1) to buy more TIME
Teaching Comprehension Directly l l l Monitor the use of the strategy Offer less coaching as less is called for Ask what strategy they are using & why, therefore bringing the strategy to the student’s awareness Give students continued opportunity to observe more modeling Provide multiple and ongoing opportunities for students to interact w/others using a variety of text
You Can’t Tutor What Hasn’t Been Taught l l l l You can’t tutor what hasn’t been taught You can’t tutor what hasn’t been taught
Three Flavors of Assessment l Summative Assessment = External Reporting l l Scorekeeping Broad data for identifying specific populations Program evaluation and budget indicators Formative Assessment =Internal Reporting l Intervention: Do something differently, immediately (STOP Spray and Pray!) l l l Progress monitoring over time for individual students Data used to plan “next move” for instruction Getting a Grade =Comfort the troubled, trouble the comfortable l l Public relations A, B, C, D, F: Coin of the realm
The Challenge After third grade, the achievement gap with minority, second language, and low-income learners widens substantially l l l Incomplete beginning reading instruction Serious vocabulary deficit Very limited knowledge of text structure Misconceptions about fluency Lack of meaningful early comprehension assessment
Let’s Demystify Reading
Three Muscles: l l Early Language Experience l Phonemic awareness and concept development l Vocabulary, academic language and alphabetic principle Decoding muscle l Three ways of getting meaning off the page l l (1)phonics…primary decoding strategy (2)semantics and vocabulary (3) syntax and structure Fluency muscle l Reads a lot of words fast w/ comprehension* l Class libraries of leveled or decodable text l Every day, every reader reading at a level of success of selfselected quality literature
News Flash!!!!! l l l l 26 letters and 44 sounds 17 reliable letters, (letters that always sound the same) q, w, , t, p, d, f, h, j, k, l, z, x, v, n, m, b, 4 that are switch hitters. . . s, g, c&r 3 that are pests. . . a, o, u 3 that will make you CRAZY!!!!…i, e, y Double vowels: oa, oo, ee, ea, oi, ou, au Blends: ch, sh, wh, str, pl, sl, fl, gl, cl, bl, kl, cr, scr,
Definition of Comprehension l Comprehension is defined as: l “intentional thinking during which meaning is constructed through interactions between the text and the reader” (Harris & Hodges, 1995)
…an excerpt l Draped for the formal unveiling May 31 – with only an insouciant topknot and Horton The Elephant’s trunk peeking out – the sculptures frolic on the wide green linking the city library and its four museums that gave wing to the author’s imagination. --
STRATEGIES l l Clarifying Comparing and contrasting Connecting to prior experiences Inferencing (including generalizing and drawing conclusions) l l l Predicting Questioning the text Recognizing the author’s purpose Seeing causal relationships Summarizing visualizing
Teaching Comprehension Directly l l l Monitor the use of the strategy Offer less coaching as less is called for Ask what strategy they are using & why, therefore bringing the strategy to the student’s awareness Give students continued opportunity to observe more modeling Provide multiple and ongoing opportunities for students to interact w/others using a variety of text
Text Structures
Language Arts
Language Arts l l Whose woods these are I think I know: his house is in the village, though. He will not mind me stopping here to watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer to stop without a farmhouse near. He gives his harness bells a shake, to ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound’s the sweep of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely dark and deep, but I have promises to keep…and miles to go before I sleep. And miles to go before I sleep. Pronouns, demonstrative adjectives
Science
Science l l The Hall-Heroult process is essentially the electrolytic decomposition of purified bauxite. In a cell made of iron, a solution of Al 2 O 3 in molten cryolite, Na 3 Al. F 6, conducts the current. Procedural words, ordinals, first, then, next, etc.
8 Social Studies
Social Studies/History l l Although The Confederacy represented the Southern states, its army attacked Gettysburg from the North. The Confederate Generals, having spent a tough winter and spring in the Shenandoah Valley, were desperate for supplies, particularly shoes. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, a farming and shoe manufacturing community would hopefully provide the much needed supplies. Subordinating conjunctions: since, while, because, although, yet, if, as if, however, etc.
Math
Math l The architect and contractor were conferring over the blueprints of the new ten story parking garage. It needed to be ten floors and have space for compact cars. Each floor required twenty-two “I” beams, plus one additional beam for each additional floor after the first. Determine the number of “I” beams and show a possible structural configuration.
Math Research l l Embed in real world: make it engaging, generating more questions Create a language rich classroom l l Justifying, generalizations, highly verbal, highly visual students Draw pictures, create mental images, foster visualization Build from charts, graphs & tables- also, the misinterpretation of data Don’t leave out measurement
The three most important words for the struggling reader: l VOCABULARY l Words-words-words-words-words-words-words-words-wordswords-words-you get it!!!!
Registers of Language –R. Payne l l Frozen: Language that is always the same Formal: Standard sentence syntax of work and school. l Consultative: Formal register when used with conversation. Discourse patterns slightly less formal. l Casual: Language between friends: 400 -800 word vocabulary. Non-specific word-choice; non -verbal assists determine meaning. Sentence syntax often incomplete. l Intimate: Language between lovers or twins. The language of sexual harassment.
Vocabulary Instruction l Concept vocabulary l l Context vocabulary l l Big idea words: attrition, populism, hypothesis Words that have multiple meanings: economy, mine, elements, book, state, set, case Vocabulary structure l Words with recognizable Latin cognates: migratory, revolt, spectator l Jim Cummins-Word Harvesting
What Words to Teach Bringing Words to Life—ROBUST Vocabulary Instruction Isabel Beck , Nancy Mac. Kowen First tier words Words that you wish students knew, hope they can get, but you don’t have time to teach. Second tier words High utility words that they need to know in your class, and everyone else’s. Third tier words Extremely specific words in your content area that require considered and deliberate and in depth instruction
Teaching Word Attack (phonics) in Science l l l l Con-ser-va-tion bun-dle Ac-cel-er-a-tion state Force base Mass mol-e-cule Grav-i-ta-tion-al force gas-e-ous Ter-min-al vel-o-city Grav-i-ta-tion-al at-trac-tion Mo-men-tum
anthropologically An-thro-po-log-i-cal-ly
australopithecine Aus-tra-lo-pith-e-cine
Struggling Older Reader l l l l Incomplete beginning reading instruction Lacks metacognitive strategies Limited prior knowledge Limited word study skills and spelling No text available at level of success No adults modeling reading No history of reading success
Useful References l l l Adams, M. J. (2000). Beginning to Read: thinking and learning about print. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Alexander, K. & Entwisle, D. (1996). Schools and children at risk. In A. Booth & J. Dunn (Eds. ). Family-school links: How do they affect educational outcomes? Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Baker, L. (1994). Contexts of emergent literacy: Everyday home experiences of urban pre-kindergarten children. College Park, MD: National Reading Research Center. Baker, L. , D. Scher, and K. Mackler. (1997). Home and family influences on motivations for reading. Educational Psychologist 32(2): 69: 82. Burns, M. S. , Griffin, P. , & Snow, C. E. (1999). Starting out right: A guide to promoting children’s reading success. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Baker, L. , Allen. J. , Schockley, B, Pelligrini, A. D. , Galda, L. & Stahl, S. (1996). Connecting school and home: Constructing partnerships to foster reading development in L. Baker, P. Afflerbach & D. Reinking (Eds. ), Developing engaged readers in home and school communities, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, pp. 21 -41.
l l l Burns, M. S. , Griffin, P. , & Snow, C. E. (1999). Starting out right: A Guide to promoting children’s reading success. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Bus. A. G. , M. H. van Ijzendoorn, and A. D. Pellegrini. (1995). Joint book reading makes for success in learning to read: A metaanalysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy. Review of Educational Research: 65(1): 1 -21. Center for the Improvement of Early Reading Achievement. (2001). Put reading first: The research building blocks for teaching children to read. Jessup, MD: Partnership for Reading. Available: www. nifl. gov. Edwards, P. A. (1995). Empowering low income mothers and fathers to share books with young children. The reading teacher 48: 4888564. Epstein, J. L. , Coates, L. , Salinas, K. C. , Sanders, M. G. , & Simmons, B. S. (1997). School, family and community partnerships: Your handbook for action. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Gallimore, R. , & Goldenberg, C. (1993). Activity settings of early literacy: Home and school factors in children’s emergent literacy. In E. Forman, N. Minick, & A. Stone (Eds. ), Contexts for learning: Sociocultural dynamics in children’s development (pp. 315 -335). New York: Oxford University Press.
l l l Gentile, L. M. , & Mc. Millan, M. M. (1992). Literacy for students at-risk; Developing critical dialogues. Journal of Reading, 35, 636 -640. Hart, Betty & Risley, Todd R. (1995). Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Paul H Brookes Pub Co. Lyon, G. R. (1998). Overview of reading and literacy initiatives. Testimony Provided to the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, United States Senate. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of child Health and Human Development. Moats, L. (1999, June). Teaching Reading is Rocket Science. Wahington, DC: American Federation of Teachers. Available online: http: //www. aft. org/edissues/rocketscience. htm National Center for Education Statistics (1998). Characteristics of children’s early care and Education programs: Data from, the 1995 National Household Education Surveys (NCES No. 98 -128). National Reading Panel. (1999). Teaching children to read: An evidence-based Assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction: Reports of the subgroups. Washington DC: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Available: www. nichd. nih. gov/publications/pubskey. O’Donnell, M. P. , & Wood, M. (1992). Becoming a reader: A developmental instruction. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
l l l Oldfather, P. & Wigfield, A. (1996). Children’s motivations for literacy learning in Developing. In L. Baker, C. Afflorbach & D. Reinking (Eds. ). Developing engaged readers in home and school communities. (pp. 89 -113, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Riley, J. (1996). The teaching of reading, London: Paul Chapman. Robbins, C. , and L. C. Ehri. (1994). Reading storybooks to kindergarteners helps them learn new vocabulary words. Journal of Educational Psychology 86(1): 54 -64. Snow, Catherine E. , M. Susan Burns, and Peg Griffin. (1998). Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. Washington D. C. , National Academy Press. Sonnenschein, S. , Brody, G. , & Munsterman, K. (1996). The influence of family beliefs and practices on children’s early reading development, In L. Baker, P. Afflerback & D. Reinking (Eds. ). Developing engaged readers in home and school communities. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. PP. 3 -20. U. S. Department of Education. (1999). Start early, finish strong: How to help every child become a reader (America Reads Challenge), Washington, D. C. : author. Available online: http: //www. ed. gov. pubs/startearly/
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