PHYS 1110 Lecture 14 Professor Stephen Thornton October

PHYS 1110 Lecture 14 Professor Stephen Thornton October 18, 2012

Reading Quiz Which of the following global dams produces the greatest hydroelectric output? A) North Anna. B) Grand Coulee. C) Hoover. D) Niagara Falls. E) Aswan.

Reading Quiz Which of the following global dams produces the greatest hydroelectricity output? A) North Anna. B) Grand Coulee. See Table 7 -1. C) Hoover. D) Niagara Falls – not a dam. E) Aswan.

Table 6 -1 Mass of CO 2 Emitted for Various Fuels per Quantity of Energy Fuel CO 2 Emitted (g/MJ) Natural Gas 50 Propane 60 Gasoline 67 Fuel CO 2 Emitted (g/MJ) Kerosene 68 Fuel oil 69 Wood 84 Fuel CO 2 Emitted (g/MJ) Coal (bituminous) 88 Coal (lignite) 92 Coal (anthracite) 98 Source: http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas and http: //www. eia. gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients. html

$3 billion. May never be built. Last company press release, Dec. 2010.

Cap and Trade Vote failed in US Senate in 2009 but passed House by a vote of 219212. Successful in Northeast US and EU.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fossil Fuels

Quiz The terms peak coal, peak oil, etc refer to A) How long until peak resource extraction occurs. B) How long until the rate of production begins to decline. C) The point in time when all the resource is gone. D) The point in time when the maximum rate of a resource extraction is reached.

Hydroelectric Power Hydropower accounts for most of the 19% of global renewable energy.

Three Georges Dam in China – 2006 20, 000 MW

Iguassu Falls area

Iguassu Falls

Hydroelectric Capacity China Canada Brazil United States Russia Norway India Venezuela Japan Sweden Production Installed 652 TWh 197 GW 370 TWh 90 GW 364 TWh 69 GW 251 TWh 80 GW 167 TWh 45 GW 140 TWh 28 GW 116 TWh 34 GW 86 TWh 15 GW 69 TWh 27 GW 66 TWh 16 GW

Paraguay 100% (sell 90% to Brazil, Argentina) Ethiopia 88% Venezuela 68% Several African and Small Asian countries also are virtually 100% hydropower: Bhutan Congo Lesotho Mozambique Nepal

Table 7 -1 Representative Global Hydropower Sites Project Itaipu Dam Location Type Height Parana River, Impoundment, Brazil, Paraguay 196 m Power Capacity (annual energy) 14, 000 MWe (91 x 106 k. Wh) Three Gorges Yangtze River, Dam China Impoundment, 181 m 20, 300 MWe (80 x 106 k. Wh) Guri Dam Impoundment, 162 m 10, 235 MWe (47 x 106 k. Wh) Caroni River, Venezuela Grand Coulee Columbia River, Impoundment, Dam Washington, USA 6800 MWe (21 x 106 k. Wh) 168 m high Niagara Falls Niagara River, Diversion, New York, Canada 2700 MWe (USA) run of river 2200 MWe (Canada) Aswan Dam 2100 MWe Nile River, Egypt Impoundment, 111 m Hoover Dam Colorado River, Impoundment, Nevada, Arizona 221 m 2050 MWe (4. 2 x 106 k. Wh) Fort Loudoun Tennessee River, Impoundment, Dam Tennessee, USA 37 m 144 MWe

Columbia River and its tributaries and dams (76). Small circles 50 m or less dam height. Medium circles 50 to 150 m dam height. Large circles over 150 m height. Grand Coulee is #4.

Breastshot are more effective than overshoot. Mill race

Overshot water wheels are most effective, then breastshot, and then overshot. Overshot 85% effective.

Homeowner’s undershot water wheel is not very productive or useful:

Global pumped storage generating power capacity is over 100 GW, with about 22 GW in USA. North Anna nuclear power plants are 1 GW each. Bath County pumped storage facility is 3 GW.

Let’s go through the list of disadvantages and advantages of hydropower. Which ones do you disagree with? Take a few minutes to go over these on your computer. You can talk among yourselves.

Worst dam failures in history. Banqiao Dam, China, 1975; killed 175, 000 during Typhoon Nina (26, 000 flooding and 145, 000 epidemics and famine. 62 dams failed. Johnstown flood, 1889. Earthen dam broke and killed 2200.

Quiz You own a 5000 acre parcel in the mountains of western Albemarle county. Which would you rather build on your property to generate income? A) B) C) D) E) A 250 acre pumped storage facility. An overshoot water wheel on a creek. A pay parking lot for hikers. A 1500 acre lake behind a 50 m high dam. A coal burning plant.

Solar Energy Burning a metric ton (1000 kg) of coal provides ~4 x 1010 J. The time for sunlight on Earth to provide this energy is ~3 x 10 -7 s.

Divide up into groups and discuss • Passive solar heating and lighting for buildings. • Solar water heaters • Solar thermal collectors

Table 7 -2 Specific Heats of Thermal Masses Material Density Specific Heat Energy Density (kg/m 3) (k. J/kg 0 C) (k. J/m 3 0 C) Brick 2400 1 2400 Concrete 2400 0. 96 2300 Dry earth 1250 1. 26 1580 Dry sand 1600 0. 80 1280 Stone 2500 0. 84 2100 Oak wood 700 2 1400 Water 1000 4. 2 4200

Trombe wall

Glass X windows in 20 -unit senior housing in Switzerland.