Phraseology Classification of Phraseological Units n Phraseology is

Phraseology. Classification of Phraseological Units n Phraseology is a branch of lexicology studying phraseological units (set expressions, praseologisms, or idioms (in foreign linguistics).

Phraseological units vs free word-groups n n n n 1) they convey a single concept and their meaning is idiomatic, i. e. it is not a mere total of the meanings of their components 2) they are characterized by structural invariability to have a bee in one’s bonnet (not cap or hat) 3) they are not created in speech but used as ready-made units. Unlike a word, a phraseological unit can be divided into separately structured elements and transformed syntactically the ice between them had been broken This broke the ice between us

Most English idioms are fixed in structure (1) A stitch in times saves nine. n Partly fixed idioms n (2) To come to a bad end. (bad can be replaced by nasty, sticky, untimely, no good, etc. ) n (3) To take (have, or enjoy) forty winks. n

Classifications: V. V. Vinogradov n n According to the semantic principle (the degree of motivation of meaning, i. e. the relationship between the meaning of the whole unit and the meaning of its components): phraseological fusions (сращения) to kiss the hare’s foot (non-motivated) phraseological unities (единства) to turn over a new leaf (metaphores are transparent) n phraseological combinations (сочетания) bosom friend (one of their components - direct meaning, the other is used figuratively) n

Classifications: Prof. A. I. Smirnitsky n n According to the functional principle: phraseological units (neutral, non-metaphorical) : get up, fall asleep, to take to drinking n idioms (metaphoric, stylistically coloured) : to take the bull by the horns, to beat about the bush n n n Structurally : one-summit (one-member) and many-summit (twomember, three-member, etc. ) phraseological units: against the grain, to carry the day, to have all one’s eggs in one basket.

Classifications: N. N. Amosova n n According to the type of context: Phraseological units (marked by fixed or permanent context): phrasemes and idioms. 1. Prasemes consist of two components one of which is praseologically bound, the second serves as the determining context: green eye (ревнивый взгляд), green hand (неопытный работник), green years (юные годы), green wound (незажившая рана), etc. 2. Idioms are characterized by idiomaticity: their meaning is created by the whole group and is not a mere combination of the meanings of its components: red tape (бюрократическая волокита), mare’s nest (нонсенс).

Classifications: Prof. A. V. Koonin n n n n 1. Nominative phraseological units : a) substantive; b) adjectival c) adverbial; d) prepositional. 2. Nominative-communicative units contain a verb. 3. Interjectional phraseological units 4. Communicative phraseological units

Etymological classification of phraseological units n n n Native phraseological units are connected with British realia, traditions, history: According to Cocker – по всем правилам, точно. Ex. : by Shakespeare: the green-eyed monster (“Othello”), murder will out (“Macbeth”)

Etymological classification of phraseological units n n n Borrowed phraseological units: from the Bible (fully assimilated): to cast pearl before swine, the root of all evil, a wolf in sheep’s clothing, to beat swords into plough-shares. from ancient mythology and literature: the apple of discord, the golden age, the thread of Ariadne, at the greek calends ( до греческих календ, никогда)

n from different languages – n let’s return to our muttons (revenons à nos moutons) n n n blood and iron (Blut und Eisen), blue blood from the other variants of the English language (Am. E) – a green light, bark up the wrong tree, to look like a million dollars, time is money

English idioms are often created on the basis of alliteration, rhyme, euphony and repetition n (1) first and foremost n (2) with might and main (with all the force ) n (3) black and blue (4) part and parcel (a most important part that cannot be separated from the whole of it ) n

n n n (1) time and tide wait for no man (2) wear and tear: damage after use (3) dine and wine (4) rough and tough (5) by and by (6) again and again

Idioms using antonyms n n n More haste, less speed. Every tide has its ebb. Adversity leads to prosperity. The world is a ladder for some to go up and for other to go down. Art is long, life is short. Joy and sorrow are next-door neighbors.

But some obsolete words may be still used at the present time: n a obsolete words survived in some fixed phrases or idioms: such as, Many a little makes a michle (large amount) b. some obsolete words survive but different from it original meaning, such as, armour, albeit (all be it, though). n

Features of Idioms n English idioms can be very short or rather long in structure n n n to go red to cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth English idioms can be irregular and illogical in structure

(1) I am good friends with him. (2) Diamond cut diamond. (3) The devil take the hindmost (4) through thick and thin (5) ins and outs (4) To have a bee in one’s bonnet.

English Idioms are usually opaque in meaning, metaphorical rather than literal. n (1) To rain cats and dogs n (2) Once in a blue moon: rarely n (3) Have an axe to grind: an fixed idea in mind n (4) Cry over the spilled milk. (5) A Procrustean bed n

n Most English Idioms are colloquial expressions in nature, but some of them can also be used on formal occasions (1) to give (or lend ) countenance to sb. (to the plan): to support n (2) Let pass over his rude remarks in silence: not to mention n (3) I got enough supplies laid up for the vacation: stored (4) He made short work of cleaning the room. ( to finish quickly and easily) n

Classification n Phrasal Verbs n n n Phrasal Verbs: combinations of a verb and an adverb or a preposition or both break, blow, bring, call, catch, come, do, fall, get, give, go, hold, keep, day, look, make, put, run, set, stand, take, turn, work, about, across, at, away, back, by, down, for, in, into, off, on, out, over, around, through, to, up, with, etc

(1) Noun phrase idioms n (2) Adjective phrase idioms n (3) Prepositional phrase idioms (4) Adverbial phrase idioms Clause Idioms ( subject-less clause patterns) n

n Sentence Idioms (proverbs and habitual conversations) (1) Nothing ventured, nothing gained. n (2) One swallow does not make a summer. n (3) The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. n (4) Where there is a will, there is a way. (5) All that glitters is not gold. n

n n n n (6) You may lead a horse to water, but you cannot make him drink. (7) You scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours. (8) Make hay while the sun shines. (9) Strike, while the iron is hot. (10) Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. (11) You can say that again. (12) Let’s call it a day.

(13) You are telling me. n (14) Friday week ( Friday a week after next Friday) n (15) Many happy returns of day. n (16) Never you mind n (17) Never tell me. ( an expression of warning) n (18) Don’t tell me. ( an expression of incredulity) n (19) Good for you ( an expression of praise) (20) The devil take it! n

Idioms containing names of birds or animals n n n n Birds of a feather To kill to birds with one stone A bird’s eye view To make a bee-line for Like water off a duck’s back Gone goose The cart before the horse

Parts of the human body n n n n To get one’s back up To warm one’s blood Skin and bones To work one’s fingers to the bone To beat one’s brains To make a clean breast of By the sweat of one’s brow

n n n n To be all ears Up to the elbows To believe one’s eye To fly in the face(teeth) of To cross one’s fingers Dead on one’s feet To give gray hair

Involving colors n n n To do something brown To look green To tickle pink To see red A white elephant To be born in the purple

Related to clothes n n n Too big for one’s breeches To put on one’s thinking cap To cut one’s coat according to one’s cloth To dress up To fit like a glove To take up the glove To pocket money To burn a hole in one’s pocket Another pair of shoes Comfortable like an old shoe To step into one’s shoes To wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve

Involving time n n n n A bad quarter of an hour Against time Never for a moment Year in, year out To get on in years After hours To the minutes

Involving flowers and plants n n n To nip in the bud The best of the bunch To beat about the bush The flower Not to let the grass grow under one’s feet Root and branch