Phraseology 1 Phraseology and its units 2 Classifications

Phraseology 1. Phraseology and its units. 2. Classifications of phraseological units. 3. A phraseological unit and a word.

1. Phraseology and its units. • А dark horse, a bull in a china shop • cry wolf, show one s true colours • Between the devil and the deep sea

Free word groups Phraseological units • are each time built • Are combinations of up anew and allow a words in which the certain freedom in unity of meaning dominates over the substituting formal separability of elements, elements • e. g. a black dress – a • a white elephant =/ black hat an animal of a • a new dress – a certain colour; black car • =?

The semantic criterion • Koonin: “A phrased unit is a stable word-group characterised by a completely or partially transferred meaning” • The degree of semantic unity may vary: • A)to wear one s heart on one s sleeve – “to expose to everyone s feeling • to have one s heart in one s boots – “to be depressed about something” • to have one s heart in one s month – “to be greatly alarmed by what is expected to • B) to fly into temper to fall in love • shop talk small talk

The structural criterion reveals itself in • restriction in substitution: to give smb. the cold shoulder ‘ to treat smb. coldly, to ignore’ NOT to give smb. the warm shoulder or to give smb. the cold elbow; • restriction in introducing any additional components : the big white elephant or to have one s heart in his black boots are impossible structures; • grammatical invariability: to find fault with smb. not to find faults; from head to feet from head to foot not

2. Classifications of PUs. • A semantic classification (devised by Professor V. Vinogradov) is based upon the motivation of the unit, the relationship existing between the meaning of the whole and the meaning of its components. • phraseologicalfusionsare non-motivated: A‘ cool cat’ – ‘a very quiet, peaceful person; ‘time to hit the hay’ – ‘time to go to bed’. • phraseological unities are partially motivated expressions in which the meaning of the whole depends on the original meaning of one of the components. ‘The man flies high’ - occupies a high position, ‘he has a big heart’- ‘generous hear • phraseological combinations/collocations are motivated expressions in which both components preserve their original lexical meaning but strict restrictions are imposed on combinability: take – a liking, ~ a fancy, ~ care, ~ a job, ~ to somebody.

A functional and semantic classification (developed by A. V. Koonin) is based on the function the unit fulfills in speech: • nominating : a bull in a china shop; • interjectional : a pretty kettle of fish, hold your horses; • communicative – Familiarity breeds contempt • The fat is in the fire. Let the sleeping dog lie. • nominating – communicative – to pull smb s leg, to break the ice, to cast light upon smth.

A formal and functional classification • is based on the fact that a set expression functioning in speech is in distribution similar to definite classes of words. • • On this ground it is possible to distinguish: nominal phrases: The roof of the trouble, a“ladies’ man”; verbal phrases: put one s best foot forward, take advantage, shape one s fingers; adjectival – as good as gold, as old as hills ; adverbial - from head to foot, by heart, once in a blue of moon. Prepositional phrases: in the course of, in consequence of; conjunctional: as long as, on the other hand. Interjectional: Well, I never! Bless (one s) soul. God bless me!

Classification from the point of view of the origin • deals with idioms proper. They are conventional (stereotyped) phrases, which convey certain wisdom. • Idioms proper include • proverbs, sayings, • quotations

Classification from the point of view of pragmatics • Idiomatic clichés are hackneyed (устар. ) nonmotivated expressions, no more colourful in the modern language, normally avoided by people: as old as a hill, by leaps and bounce, safe and sound. • Non-idiomatic professional clichés are used by people of different professions as an important component of professional vocabulary. Here belong all expressions from language of newspapers, business: The picture of hell, On behalf of the company

• Phrases - quotations from foreign languages are of 2 types: • 1. With references to authors. • 2. Anonymous quotations, with no reference to quotations from Latin or Greek: Memento mori, Carte blanche.

• English quotations • come from the Bible: ‘Their name is legion” • or from famous writers and poets : “A thing of beauty is joy forever” (J. Keats); “Little knowledge is a dangerous thing”(A. Pope).

3. A word and a phraseological unit. Phraseological units as well as words are characterized by lexical meaning; • have synonyms: show one s true colours (снять маску) syn. : throw off one s mask • have antonyms: throw off one s mask /put on (wear) the mask • have homonyms: red tape (a burocrat) – red tape (a ribbon) • differ stylistically (may belong to colloquial or bookish style): to kick the bucket – to go to forefathers