PHONOLOGY LI 2023 NATHALIE F MARTIN What

PHONOLOGY LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN

What do you know about Phonology? What is the difference between the words /rip/ and /lip/? How do you pronounce the word “tsunami”? Are these words How would you divide this word into syllables? /fənɒlədʒi/ acceptable in English? Sbirdnar Birdnar

Introduction: Phonology No human language exploits all phonetic possibilities Every language makes its own particular selection from the range of all possible speech sounds

English Phonemes Chris Black - Applied Linguistics – Tutoring English as a Second Language (ESL)

Korean Phonemes Chris Black - Applied Linguistics – Tutoring English as a Second Language (ESL)

Introduction Phonological Representation Phonology /fənɒlədʒi/ : The components of grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language.

Introduction Phonological Representation The task of phonologists: To discover and describe the systematic phonetic patterns found in individual languages discover the general principles that underlie the patterning of sounds across human languages. To

Introduction Phonological Representation Three major phonological units: Features Segments Syllable

Introduction Phonological Representation Wd Word level σ s è σ g m F [ ] - syllabic + sonorant … Syllable level n t Segment level Feature level

Introduction Phonological Representation Segment: Individual speech sounds Feature: Features correspond to articulatory or acoustic categories such as [voice] or [strident] Smallest building block of phonological structure Syllable: A syllabic element – usually a vowel- and any preceding or following segments that are associated with it

Segments in Contrast All speakers knows which segments contrast and which ones don’t … Segments are said to contrast when: Their presence alone may distinguish forms with different meaning from each other Ex: sip [sɪp] and zip [zɪp] Ex: hit [hɪt], hat [hæt] & hot [hɒt]

Segments in Contrast Minimal Pairs The first step in the analysis of the phonology of language is to establish which sounds in that language are in contrast with each other In order to establish contrast, it is necessary to examine the distribution of sounds in words and to compare word meanings. Ø This can be accomplished through the minimal pair test

Segments in Contrast Minimal Pairs Minimal pair: Consists of two forms with distinct meaning that differ by only one segment found in the same position in each form. Example: sip [sɪp] and zip [zɪp] Ø Therefore the segments [s] and [z] contrast

Segments in Contrast Minimal Pairs – English Consonant Example:

Segments in Contrast Minimal Pairs – Definitions Environment: phonetic context in which a sound occurs. The Near minimal pairs: Pairs of words that have segments in nearly identical environments (ex: assure & azure)

Segments in Contrast Minimal Pairs – Definitions Phoneme: that contrast with each other in a particular language are said to belong to separate phonemes of that language Segments • Contrastive phonological units ØNot to be confused with Phones

Segments in Contrast Vowel Contrast in English

Segments in Contrast Vowel Contrast in English

Segments in Contrast Language-Specific Contrasts Important: Ø- Two sounds can be phonetically distinct without necessarily being phonologically distinct or contrastive. Ø - Sounds that are contrastive in one language may not necessarily be contrastive in another.

Segments in Contrast Language-Specific Contrasts o Example: English [ɛ] & [æ] are contrastive (ex: Ben & ban) In Turkish (ex: the word “I” can be said [bɛn] & [bæn])

Segments in Contrast Practice & Homework Find minimal pairs to show contrast between all English consonants (15 phonemes) Exceptions which are hard to find: [ŋ] [h] [ʔ] [ʒ]

Complementary distribution

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Introduction Phonetic variation is systematic Occurs most often in phonetically similar segments by the phonetic context or environment in which the segments are found Conditioned

REVIEW Common Articulatory Processes Assimilation - Voicing assimilation Devoicing: Example [p] of Please [pliz] (voiceless) + [l] (voiced) = devoiced [l] Voicing: Example Afbellen of[af] (off or over) in Dutch (to cancel): [f] (voiceless) + [b] (voiced) = [vb] (both voiced)

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Introduction - Variation occurs because segments are affected and altered by phonetic characteristics of neighboring elements or by the larger phonological context in which they occur Speakers and listeners of any language tend to factor out this type of variation in order to focus on contrast that affect meaning

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Complementary Distribution In English, all Ls are not identical Different sounds: [l ] (voiceless l)& [l] (voiced l) Yet they do not contrast There are no minimal pairs in which the phonetic difference [l ] & [l] functions to indicate difference.

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Complementary Distribution Blue [blu] Gleam [glim] Slip [slɪp] Flog [flɒg] Leaf [lif] Plow Clap Clear Play [pl aʊ] [kl æp] [kl ɪər] [pl eɪ] [l]

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Complementary Distribution Examine the distribution of the two Ls All of the voiceless [l ] occurs after the class of voiceless stops Voiced [l] never occurs after voiceless stops Ø Predictable property of phonology in English

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Complementary Distribution Therefore: Since no voiced [l] ever occurs in the same phonetic environment as a voiceless [l ] (and vice versa), we say that the two variants of L are in complementary distribution Table 3. 6 Complementary distribution of [l] and [l ] in English [l] [l ] After voiceless stops no yes Elsewhere yes no

Phonemes and allophones

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Phonemes and allophones Allophones: When segments are phonetically distinct, but not phonologically the same they are considered allophones (predictable variants) of one phoneme (contrastive phonological unit).

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Phonemes and allophones Phonetic representation: Consists of predictable variants or allophones for Symbols Phonemic (or phonological) representation: are allophones are phonemes placed between Consists of the phonemes to which theenclosed in allophones belong. square bracket [] slashes // Phonemic representation (phoneme) /l/ Phonetic representation (allophones) [l ] [l]

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Phonemes and allophones Phonemes: Are mental representations: the way in which sounds are stored in the mind. Ø Are in your head Allophones: Are not part of what you remember when you store a word in your mind Come out of your mouth

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Phonemes and allophones v. An important part of phonological analysis thus deals with discovering inventories of the phonemes of language and accounting for allophonic variation.

English Phonemes Chris Black - Applied Linguistics – Tutoring English as a Second Language (ESL)

Korean Phonemes Chris Black - Applied Linguistics – Tutoring English as a Second Language (ESL)

Korean Allophones (in English) Chris Black - Applied Linguistics – Tutoring English as a Second Language (ESL)

Allophone example English allophones for /p/ [pʰ] - pair [pʰɛr] [p] - spare [spɛr] [p ] - tap [tæp ] Korean phonemes /p/ and /pʰ/ 팔 [pʰal] and 발 [pal] are different words ØEnglish speakers will speak ‘nonsense’ in Korean Chris Black - Applied Linguistics – Tutoring English as a Second Language (ESL)

Classes and generalization

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Free Variation Free variation: Various forms that do not change the meaning since they are phonetically similar. They are therefore allophones of a phoneme Ex: [stɒp!], [stɒp ] & [stɒpʔ] [p!], [p ] & [pʔ] are different allophones of the phoneme /p/ Notice that the narrow Forceful articulation (Feature rep. only used in the book) Extended closure Coarticulation with glottal stop transcription of these words and the different allophones are in square brackets and that the phoneme is in between slashes.

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Classes & Systematic Variation Everyday speech usually varies systematically according to phonetic classes

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Classes & Systematic Variation Brew [bru] Green [grin] Drip [drɪp] Frog [rɒg] Shrimp [ʃrɪmp] Prow Trip Creep Pray [pr aʊ] [r ɪp] [kr ip] [pr eɪ] /r/

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Classes & Systematic Variation In English, liquids have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops and voiced allophones elsewhere.

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Classes & Systematic Variation Beauty [bjuti] Putrid [pj utrɪd] Dwayne [dweɪn] Twin Gwen [gwɛn] View [vju] Swim [swɪm] Thwack [θwæk] [tw ɪn] Quick [kw ɪk] Cute [kj ut] /j//w/

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Classes & Systematic Variation In English, liquids and glides have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops, and voiced allophones elsewhere.

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Classes & Systematic Variation One of the major goals of phonological description is the discovery of such broad patters of variation, and the formulation of the most general statements possible to describe them.

Phonetically Conditioned Variation CANADIAN RAISING ENGLISH MID VOWELS AND GLIDES LANGUAGE-SPECIFIC PATTERNS

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Canadian Rising Eyes [aɪz] Lies [laɪz] Tried [tr aɪd] Tribe [tr aɪb] House [haʊz] Loud [laʊd] Cow [kaʊ] Ice [ʌɪs] Lice [l ʌɪs] Trite [tr ʌɪt] Tripe [tr ʌɪp] House [hʌʊs] /aɪ//aʊ/

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Canadian Rising Canadian rising is another example of allophonic variation in English [aj] before the class of voiced consonants or in word final position [ʌ j] before the class of voiceless consonants

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Canadian Rising • [aj] before the class of voiced consonants or in word final position • [ʌ j] before the class of voiceless consonants

Phonetically Conditioned Variation English Mid Vowels and glides In most dialects of English, the mid tense vowels [e] & [o] are always diphthongized [ej] & [ow] [e] and [o] are both mid tense vowels [e] and [j] are both back and unrounded [o] and [w] are both back and unrounded

Phonetically Conditioned Variation English Mid Vowels and glides The mid tense vowels of English are predictably followed by a glide that has the same backness and roundness as the vowels

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Language-specific patterns Important: The phenomenon of allophonic variation is universal. BUT … The actual patterning of phonemes and allophones is language-specific. Ø Thus, whatever we discover for one language may not hold true for another. •

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Language-specific patterns Nasals in Scots Gaelic: Vowels are nasal in Scot Gaelic when preceded or followed by a nasal consonant

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Language-specific patterns Nasals in Malay: In Malay, all vowels and glides following a nasal and not separated from it by a non-nasal consonant are nasalized (until an obstruent, liquid, or glottal is reached)

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Language-specific patterns English and Khmer (Cambodian) stops:

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Language-specific patterns English and Khmer (Cambodian) stops:

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Canadian Rising Save [sev] Abe [eb] Made [med] Maze [mez] Age [edʒ] Haig [eg] Safe [sĕf] Ape [ĕp] Mate [mĕt] Mace [mĕs] H [ĕtʃ] Ache [ĕk] /e/

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Canadian Rising Tenth [tɛn θ] Know [oʊ] Month[mʌn θ] Annoy [ənɔɪ] Panther Onion [ʌnyən] [pæn θər] Chrysanthemum [krɪsæn θəməm] Nun [nʌn] /n/

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Inventory of Vowels

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Inventory of Consonants

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Let’s Practice! Transcribe the following words Phonetically Plow Gate Rice & Phonemically Paper Phone Flies Crime Rhyme Stop Don’t forget the predictable properties mentioned on the previous slides!

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Let’s Practice! Plow Paper Crime Gate Phone / plaʊ / /pepər / / kraɪm / / get / / foʊn / [pl aʊ] [peɪpər ] [kr aɪm ] [geɪt ] [foʊn ]

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Let’s Practice! Rhyme Rice Flies Stop / raɪm / / raɪs / / flaɪz / / stɒp / [raɪm ] [rʌɪs ] [flaɪz ] [stɒp ]

Review Contrast, phonemes and allophones üEach language has a set of contrastive phonemes üPhonemes themselves can have predictable variants or allophones üThere are two distinct levels of representation: phonemic level and phonetic level

A Bit of Marking REVIEW OF IN CLASS EXERCISES AND HOMEWORK

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Canadian Rising Tenth [tɛn θ] Know [oʊ] Month[mʌn θ] Annoy [ənɔɪ] Panther Onion [ʌnyən] [pæn θər] Chrysanthemum [krɪsæn θəməm] Nun [nʌn] /n/

/n/ - Dental or Alveolar In English, /n/ becomes dental when it precedes /θ/.

Phonetically Conditioned Variation Canadian Rising Save [sev] Abe [eb] Made [med] Maze [mez] Age [edʒ] Safe ØBefore v, b, d, ØBefore f, p, t, z, dʒ Ape Mate Mace Ache s, k [sĕf] [ĕp] [mĕt] [mĕs] [ĕk] /e/

/e/ - Short or Regular Length? In English, /e/ is short when followed by a voiceless consonant.

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Paper Gate /pepər / [pĕpər ] / get / [gĕt ]

Exercise 1 (Rowe & Levine) Skill [skɪl] Kill Ask Cass [æsk] Ski [ski] School [skul] Skull [skʌl] Ink [ɪŋk] King Cool Key Cull /k/ [khɪl] [khæs] hɪŋ] [k hul] [k [khi] [khəl]

Exercise 1 (Rowe & Levine) Skill [skɪl] Ask [æsk] Ski [ski] School [skul] ØAfter s, ŋ Kill [khɪl] Cass [khæs] hɪŋ] King [k hul] Cool [k Ø Beginning of word

Two Allophones of the Phoneme /k/ [k] h] [k

Aspiration Velar Stops = /k/ The oral velar stop (/k/) is aspirated when it is word initial, and unaspirated elsewhere *

Exercise 2 (Rowe & Levine) Lit [lɪt] Lame [leɪm] Let [lɛt] Lick [lɪk] Lay [leɪ] Leak [lik] Low [ɫoʊ] Law [ɫɔ] Loot [ɫut] Lull [ɫʌɫ] All [ɔɫ] Feel [fiɫ]

Exercise 2 (Rowe & Levine) Lit [lɪt] Lame [leɪm] Let [lɛt] Lick [lɪk] ØWord-initial before a front vowel Low [ɫoʊ] Loot [ɫut] Lull [ɫʌɫ] ØWord-initial before a central or back vowel ØOr word final

Two Allophones of the Phoneme /l/ [l] [ɫ]

Dark L In English, [l] occurs in the initial position before a front vowel. In English, [ɫ] occurs in the initial position before a central of back vowel or in the word final position

Exercise 3 (Rowe & Levine) Tape hap] [t hæm] Pam[p Cod ho: d] [k /tap/ /pæm/ /kod/

Syllable DEFINING THE SYLLABLE ONSET CONSTRAINTS AND PHONOTACTICS ACCIDENTAL AND SYSTEMATIC GAPS

Syllables Introduction Definition: syllable consists of a sonorous element and its associated non-syllabic (less sonorous) segments. A What speech sounds are more sonorous?

Syllables Introduction Vowels are the most sonorous sound Therefore, syllables usually have a vowel nucleus as their core Less sonorous sounds may appear on either sides of the nuclei

Syllables Introduction Native speakers of a language demonstrate their awareness of the sonority values of segments and of the syllable Examples: Telegraph Accident Sprint

Onset Constraints and Phonotactics

Syllables Onset Syllable: σ Onset (O): Within a syllable, the longest segment of consonant to the left of each nucleus

Syllables Rhyme: Nucleus & Coda Rhyme (R): The nucleus and the coda of a syllable (e. g. , [ɪnt] in Sprint)

Syllables Nucleus & Coda Nucleus (N): a vocalic element that forms the core of a syllable (e. g. , [ɪ]) Coda (Co): The elements that follow the nucleus in the same syllable (e. g. , [nt])

Syllables Constraints Syllables comply with certain constraints that prohibit them from beginning with a sequence like [kstr] ØThus results in the actual syllabification / ək. strim / (“extreme”)

Syllables English Syllables Applaud Decline Improvise

Syllables Universal Tendencies All languages have syllables The shapes or syllables are governed by various kinds of constraints But certain universal tendencies are observable

Syllables Universal Tendencies 1. Syllable nuclei usually of one vowel; consists 2. Syllables usually begin with onsets; 3. Syllables often end with codas; 4. Onsets and codas usually consist of one consonant. Ø Syllables usually take the shape CV or CVC

Syllables Onset Constraints & Phonotactics Isn’t it interesting! Words from other languages sound unusual to speakers of another language Ø Result: they often adjust the segment sequences to conform with their language phonology. Example: Russian word “vprog” /fprɔk/ (value, or good) [fəprɔk] – adding /ə/ [prɔk] – deleting /f/

Sable Island French: /sabl/ English: / seɪ. bəl/ ØHow did we get from one to the other?

Syllables Onset Constraints & Phonotactics: The set of constraints on how sequences of segments pattern. Forms part of a speakers knowledge of the phonology of his or her language.

Syllables Onset Constraints & Phonotactics

Phonotactics – Let’s Analyse Would these words be acceptable in English? How would we divide them? Tsunami /tsʊnɑmi/ Birdnar / bɜrdnɑr / Sbirdnar / sbɜrdnɑr / Spirdnar / sbɜrdnɑr /

Accidental and Systematic gaps

Syllables Accidental and Systematic Gaps in the language’s vocabulary that correspond to non-occurring but possible forms called accidental gaps Sometimes filled by borrowed words that fill the phonotactic constraints Ex: Kodak, taco, Zen, perestroika

Syllables Accidental and Systematic Gaps Systematic gaps: Gaps in the syllable structure of a language that result not by accident but from exclusion of certain sequences. Examples in English: /bz/, /pt/ & /fp/ ØUnacceptable in one language but not necessarily another

Syllables Accidental and Systematic Gaps Accidental gaps: filled by borrowed words that fill the phonotactic constraints Sometimes Ex: Kodak, taco, Zen, perestroika Systematic gaps: English speakers often change the pronunciation of borrowed words that do not fit the phonotactic constraints Ex: Psychology & pterodactyl

Christmas in Hawaii !!! [mɛri k rɪsməs ] Ø[melekalikimaka] ? Labial Stop Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal p k Fricative Nasal Glide Liquid m w n l ʔ h Vowels i e a http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ecnehc. LIVe. I

Christmas in Hawaii !!! [mɛ. ri ] [me. le ] [k rɪ s. mə s ] [ka. li. ki. ma. ka]

Syllables Language-specific phonotactics Language-specific constraints, on the other hand, hold true for individual languages such as English, but they may not be found in other languages

Review SETTING UP THE SYLLABLES SYLLABIC PHONOLOGY PRACTICE

Review Syllable & Onset ü Syllable: σ ü Onset (O): Within a syllable, the longest segment of consonant to the left of each nucleus that does not violate the phonotactic constraints of the language in question (e. g. , [st] forms the onset of the second syllable in hamster)

Review Rhyme: Nucleus & Coda üRhyme (R): The nucleus and the coda of a syllable (e. g. , [ust] in the word boost) üNucleus (N): a vocalic element that forms the core of a syllable (e. g. , the vowel [A] is the nucleus of the first syllable in Patrick) üCoda (Co): The elements that follow the nucleus in the same syllable (e. g. , [rf] in surfboard)

Review Practice Sprint [sprɪnt]: σ Onset (O) Rhyme (R) Nucleus (N) spr ɪ Coda (Co) nt

Review Practice First [fɜrst] σ Onset (O) Rhyme (R) Nucleus (N) f ɜ Coda (Co) rst

Review Practice Words [wɜrdz] σ Onset (O) Rhyme (R) Nucleus (N) w ɜ Coda (Co) rdz

Syllables Setting Up Syllables Each language defines its own syllable structure through the interaction of universal and language-specific constraints

Syllables Setting Up Syllables Step a: Nucleus-formation

Syllables Setting Up Syllables Step b: Onset-formation

Syllables Setting Up Syllables Step c: Coda-formation

Syllables Setting Up Syllables Step d: Word-level construction

Syllables Setting Up Syllables

Syllables Setting Up Syllables Set up the syllable for these words: q Frisk [frɪsk] q Extra [ɛkstrə]

Syllables Syllabic Phonology One reason that syllables are treated as units of phonological structure is that they are relevant to stating generalizations about the distribution of allophonic features

Syllables Syllabic Phonology: Aspiration

Syllables Syllabic Phonology: Aspiration English voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Plow Paper Crime / plaʊ / /pepər / / kraɪm / [phl aʊ] [pheɪ. phər ] hr aɪm ] [k

Syllables Syllabic Phonology: Vowel Length

Syllables Syllabic Phonology: Vowel Length English vowels are long when followed by a voiced obstruent in the coda position of the same syllable ØNote: Obstruent = fricative, affricates and oral stops

Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription Dad Sleeve Limbo / dæd / / sliv / / lɪmbo / [dæ: d ] [sli: v] [lɪm. boʊ]

Features

Features Definition Segments themselves are composed of even smaller, subsegmental, phonological units known as features Smallest unit of phonology Basic building blocks of human speech sounds

Features Independent and Coordinate

Features & Natural Classes

Features & Natural Classes

Features & Natural Classes

Features & Natural Classes By systematically examining the phonemic contrasts of a language, we can extract the distinctive features and use these irreducible linguistic elements to describe the phonemic inventory

Features Representation Only a limited number of features – currently around twenty-four – have been proposed Fewer are needed to characterize the sounds of English

Features Representation Major class features [±consonantal] [±syllabic] [±sonorant]

Features Representation Manner features [±continuant] [±delayed release] ([±DR]) [±nasal] [±lateral]

Feature: [±continuant] Ø Includes vowels = With free or nearly free airflow

Feature: [±delayed release] or [±DR] = tongue is slower leaving the stop portion [t] & [d]

Feature: [±nasal] = tongue is slower leaving the stop portion [t] & [d]

Feature: [±lateral] = only ‘l’s

Features Representation Laryngeal Feature [±voice] [±spread glottis] ([±SG]) [±constricted glottis] ([±CG])

Feature: voice = voiced Ø Includes vowels

Feature: [±spread glottis] or [±SG] = aspirated consonants ØOnly ph, th & kh

Feature: [±constricted glottis] or [±CG] Ø Only ʔ = With closed glottis

Features Representation Place of Articulation [LABIAL] [±round] [CORONAL] [±anterior] [±strident] [DORSAL] [±high] [±low] [±back] [±tense] [±reduced]

Feature: LABIAL = Using one or both lips (articulator)

Feature: CORONAL = Using the tongue tip or blade (articulator)

Feature: DORSAL = Using the tongue body (articulator)

Features Representation

Features Representation

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