Phonetic Structure of English Some persons think

Phonetic Structure of English

Some persons think that in our life and in world literature is important but the don’t know that literature is come from the language so language has also important in life. All the language in the world has a logical structure, the ideas are logically connected, in English language there are 44 sounds and my topic is phonetics. Phonetics means the scientific study of speech sounds. All the components of phonetics are tested, or we can make experiments on it. So, it is like math's. There is an example of expression like this 2+5=7: so, phonetics is also study like same scientific expression.

PHONETICS: The general study of characteristic of speech sound is called phonetics. The phonetics is scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds. Phonetics deals with three ways of studying speech sounds: phonetics articulator: articulation dills with the study the production of speech sounds in language. Ø auditory: - it studies the perception of speech sounds. Ø acoustic: which deals with the physical properties of speech sounds waves ‘in the air ’

Vowels and Consonants: It is usual to divide all speech sound into two broad categories vowels and consonants. In the production of vowels the air comes out freely through the mouth. There is no closure of air passage and no narrowing of passage that would cause audible frication. All the other sounds are called consonants. § Classification of consonants: there are 44 speech sounds in English 20 vowels and 24 consonants. Consonants are divided in to two categories according to function of air stream in speech production. Consonants can be divided in to two pars (1)voice (2)voiceless

The classification of English vowels. In the E. vowel system there are 12 vowel monophthongs and 8 or 9 diphthongs. The quality of a vowel depends, first of all, on its stability, on the tongue position, lip position character of the vowel end, length, tenseness. 1. According to this principle E. vowels are subdivided into monophthongs, b) diphthongs, c) diphthongoids. [ I ], [ u ]. According to the position of the tongue vowels are classed from vertical and horizontal planes. From the horizontal plane vowels are divided into 1. front; 2. front-retracted ; 3. central ; 4. back ; 5. back-advanced. From the vertical plane E. vowels are divided into: 1. close; 2. mid; 3. open.

Place of articulation 1. Place of articulation: In the place of articulation there are certain different views according to different linguists or books. Bilabials: Bi = two. Labia = lips. The sounds that are produced with the help of two lips are known as bilabials sounds. The sounds such as /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/. Ex. Pat, Mat, Way. Voiced: - /b/, /m/, /w/. Voiceless: - /p/. Labiodentals: Certain sounds which are articulated with the help of lower lip and upper teeth are known as labiodentals Voiced: - /f/. Voiceless: - /v/. Ex. Fan, Van, Enough, Phase.

Place of articulation Dentals: The sounds that produced with the help of tip of the tongue and upper teeth are known as the dental sounds. The sounds such as /θ/, / ð /. Voiced: - / ð /. Voiceless: / θ /. Ex. Three, Teeth, There, Feather, Bath. Alveolar: Front part of the tongue touches to the teeth ridge (Alveolar ridge) and certain sounds are articulated are known as alveolar. The sounds such as /t/, /s/, /d/, /r/, /l/, /z/, /n/. Voiced: - /r/. Voiceless: - /t/, /s/, /d/, /z/, /l/, /n/. Ex. Bus, buzz, raise, not, lap, right. Palato-alveolar Or Alveo-palatal: Front part of tongue raised towards the hard palate and certain sounds are produced are known as alveo-palatal sounds The sounds like / tʃ /, / dʒ /, / ʒ/, / ʃ /, / j /. Ex. Child, pleasure, treasure, rough, gem yet.

Place of articulation Velars: When the back part of tongue raised towards the soft palate and produce certain sounds are known as velars soft palate is also known as velum. The sounds such as /қ/, /g, /, /. / מ Voiced: - /g, /, /. / מ Voiceless: - /қ/. Ex. Kid, cold, go, bag, plague, sing, tongue.

Glottal: The sound that is produce without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth are known as glottal sounds. Glottal sounds are produce at the glottis and the two vocal cords are articulators. The sound like /h/. Ex. Hat, have. These sounds usually describe as voiceless. In the place of articulation different linguist has different opinion. According to R. K. Bansal and J. B. Harrison divided alveolar sound in two groups. Alveolar and Post-Alveolar According to him /r/ sound is Post-alveolar “articulated by tip of the tongue against the back of the teeth ridge. And also different is that according to him sound /j/ is palatal sound. “Articulated by the front of the tongue against the hard palate. ” And at the last according to T. Balasubramanian Uvular sound. The rear part of back of tongue is active articulator and the Uvula is passive articulator.

Manner of Articulation: Plosive Consonants may be classified according to manner of articulation as follows. Manner of Articulation Plosives: The produce by some forms of complete stopping of air stream and the letting it go by sudden force. Such consonants are known as plosives. Those sounds are divided in three categories. Bilabial plosive, Alveolar plosive and Velar plosive.

Manner of Articulation: Bilabial plosives: Fro /p/, /b/. The air passage in mouth is closed by the two lips, and soft palate is raised to shut off nasal passage. Alveolar plosive: For the / t /, / d /. The air passage in the mouth is closed by the tip of the tongue making a contact with the teeth ridge. Velar plosive: For / k /, / g /. The air passage is closed completely by the back of tongue making contact with soft plate. The nasal passage is also closed by the soft palate. The air from the lungs is compressed. When the tongue is suddenly remove from the soft plate the air escapes with explosion. The vocal cords are wide apart for / k /, and vibrate for / g /. Affricate: The sounds that are produced by some form of complete stopping of the air stream and then letting it go slowly such sounds produce in same friction are known affricate. Like / dʒ /, / ʒ /. Nasals: - While articulating of such sounds the velum is lower and the air stream is allowed to flow through the nose/nasal cavity. So the sounds are known as nasal sounds.

Manner of Articulation Bilabial Nasal: For /m/ the mouth passage is completely closed by the lips. The soft palate is lowered and thee air comes out through the nose the vocal cords are vibrate. Alveolar nasal: For /n/. The tip of tongue make closer against the teeth ridge. The soft palate is lowered and air comes out through the nose. The vocal cords vibrate. Velar nasal: For /ŋ/. The back of tongue makes a closer with soft palate. This is lowered so that the air escapes through the nose. The vocal cords vibrate.

Lateral: The air comes from lungs and passed though sides of the tongue and produces certain sounds are known as lateral. Sound like /l/. Approximants: / Semi-vowel: The articulation of each is strongly influenced by flowing vowel sound. So the sounds are also called some time semi-vowels. The sounds /w/, /j/, are some time called ‘semi-vowels’ or ‘glides’ because they are typically produce with the tongue moving or gliding to or from the position of nearby vowels both /w/, /j/. Are voiced. Like we, wet, you yes. Fricatives: The sounds that ate articulated with a structure of close approximation are called fricative. The soft palate raise to shut off nasal cavity and the lung-air escapes through the narrow space between the active and the passive articulators. Fricatives

Manner of Articulation Labio-dental fricatives: For / f /, / v /. The lower lips are brought much closed to the upper teeth. The soft plate raise to shut off the nasal passage. The air comes out between the lower lip and the upper teeth with frication. The vocal cords wide apart for /f/, but vibrate for / v /. Dental fricatives: For /θ/, /ð /. The tip of tongue is brought very near and contact with upper teeth. The air passing between tip and blade of tongue and the upper teeth produce audible friction. The vocal cords wide apart for /θ/, but vibrate for / /. Alveolar fricatives: For / s /, / z /. The tip of tongue and blade of tongue brought very near to teeth ridge. The air comes out it produce audible sounds. The vocal cords are wide apart for /s/, but vibrate for / z /.

Conclusion: Thus, we find that there are some linguists like George Yule. T. Balasubramaniyan and R. K. Bansal in some of their books. We can find such deep description of manner of articulation while in some book. We can find only some thoughts about it. Thus, the way through which the organs of speech and the air stream produce the speech sound ate known as manner of articulation.