PHONETIC LAWS Lecture 3 Means of comparative

PHONETIC LAWS Lecture 3

Means of comparative method of regular correspondences at different language levels; 2) reconstruction of archetypes (initial proto language forms); 3) defining chronological and geographic boundaries of language phenomena. 1) establishment

The aim of comparative method reconstruction of proto-language model of separate language families and language groups in terms of their further development and division into different languages

Phonetic laws (the term was introduced by young grammarians) are the laws of functioning and development of language sounds, governing their retaining and regular changing of phonetic units as well as their alternation and combination. in comparative linguistics, a formula which sums up a certain phonetic correspondence or a certain number of such correspondences

Young grammarians Otto Behaghel Wilhelm Braune Karl Brugmann Berthold Delbrück August Leskien Adolf Noreen Hermann Osthoff Hermann Paul Eduard Sievers Karl Verner

L{a>b/P} T L- language A, b – sounds P – position T - time

How it works To reconstruct the archetype and to attest the genetic relations of languages under investigation The basis for comparison – the oldest attested language of the family: Sanskrit replaced by Luwian Latin Gothic

Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of Old-Indo-Aryan, the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, philosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism and a scholarly literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in the Indian cultural zone. Originated as Vedic Sanskrit and traced its linguistic ancestry back to Proto. Indo-Iranian and ultimately to PIE

The territory where the Luwian language was spoken Luwian was among the languages spoken during the 2 nd and 1 st millennia BC by groups in central and western Anatolia and northern Syria

How it works Latin: pēs, Sanskrit: प द (pāda), укр. педаль, English: foot, Danish: fod, Dutch: voet, German: Fuß, Gothic: fōtus, Icelandic: fótur, Swedish: fot Піна – foam П’ять – five Пічкур – fish IE *pan - few PIE *pa- / food

How it works English: third, Old High German: thritto, Gothic: þridja, Icelandic: þriðji, укр. Третій Терен – thorn Tи – thou

How it works English: hound, Danish: hund, Dutch: hond, Faroese: hundur, German: Hund, Gothic: hunds, Icelandic: hundur Ancient Greek: κύων (kýōn), Latin: canis Kardia [ Gk. ] -> Heart Keras [ Gk. ] -> Horn Centum [ Lat ] -> hund (-red)

How it works English: what, Gothic: ƕas, Icelandic hvað Latin: quod English: ten, Dutch: tien, Gothic: taíhun, Icelandic: tíu, Norwegian: ti, Swedish: tio Latin: decem

How it works English: cold, Afrikaans: koud, Danish: kold, Dutch: koud, German: kalt, Icelandic: kaldur, Swedish: kall Latin: gelū

How it works English: quick, Gothic: qius, Icelandic: kvikur Latin: vivus "alive" Kardia [ Gk. ] -> Heart Keras [ Gk. ] -> Horn Kyon [ Gk. ] -> Hound Centum [ Lat ] -> hund (-red)

How it works English: brother, Danish: broder, Dutch: broeder, German: Bruder, Gothic: broþar, Icelandic: bróðir, Swedish: broder Ancient Greek: φρατηρ (phrātēr), Sanskrit: भर त (bhrātā) PIE *bha- 'speak‘/ ban PIE *bher-bear

How it works English: door, Danish: dör, Dutch: deur, Frisian: doar, Gothic: daúr, Icelandic: dyr, Norwegian: dör, Swedish: dörr Ancient Greek: θύρα (thýra) PIE *dheu- 'flow'dew

Friedrich von Schlegel Rasmus Christian 10. 03. 1772 -5. 11. 1829 14. 11. 1832 Rask 22. 11. 1787 –

Jacob Ludwig Carl Grimm (4 Jan 1785 – 20 Sept 1863), aged 78 a German philologist, lawyer and mythologist, the discoverer of Grimm's Law, the author (with his brother) of the author of Deutsche Mythologie, one of the Brothers Grimm, as the editor of Grimm's Fairy Tales Deutsches Wörterbuch,

THE FIRST CONSONANT SHIFT (Grimm’s Law) Grimm's law (the First Germanic Sound Shift /the Rask's. Grimm's rule) in the 1 st millennium BC establishes a set of regular correspondences between early Germanic stops and fricatives and the stop consonants of certain other centum Indo-European languages). discovered by Friedrich von Schlegel (1806) and Rasmus Christian Rask (1818), elaborated by Jacob Grimm(1822), the elder of the Brothers Grimm ( in "Deutsche Grammatik“). the first non-trivial systematic sound change to be discovered in linguistics; its formulation was a turning point in the development of linguistics, enabling the introduction of a rigorous methodology to historical linguistic research.

Phases of the first consonant shift #1 PIE voiceless stops change into voiceless fricatives. # 2 PIE voiced stops become voiceless stops. # 3 PIE voiced aspirated stops become voiced fricatives; in most Germanic languages these voiced fricatives become voiced stops. The voiced aspirated stops may have first become voiced fricatives before hardening to the voiced unaspirated stops "b", "d", and "g" under certain conditions, however some linguists dispute this.

Grimm’s law Phase 1 Grimm’s law concerns an unconditioned sound change that affects all Indo-European stops. Voiceless stops became voiceless fricatives *p >f PIE *peisk- vs. OE fisc ‘fish’ *t >*θ PIE *tenu ‘to stretch’ vs. PDE thin *k>*x or *h (word-initial) PIE *krewə ‘raw meat/blood’ vs. OE hrēaw ‘raw’ *kw *xw or *hw (word-initial) PIE *kwod ‘what’ vs. OE hwæt ‘what’

Grimm’s law Phase 2 Voiced stops became voiceless stops PIE PG *b > *p PIE *kan(n)abi- ‘cannabis’ vs. PDE hemp *d >*t PIE *dekm vs. PDE ten *g >*k PIE *grənom vs. PDE corn *gw > *kw PIE *gwei- vs. OE cwicu ‘alive’

Phase 3 in Grimm’s law Voiced aspirated stops became voiced fricatives and then voiced stops. PIE PG *bh > *β > *b PIE *bhrāter vs. OE broþer *dh > *ð > *d PIE * əndhero- vs. OE under *gh > *ɣ > *g or *h (word-initial) PIE *wegh vs. OE weg ‘road, way’ *gwh >*ɣw >*g or *w PIE *gwher ‘to heat’ vs. OE warm

Grimm’s law represented graphically

Antuan Meye The phonetic essence of the first consonant shift is the result of too late action of vocal chords within the Germanic speakers. The closing and vibration of vocal chords are late too, so that the voiceless stop (глухий змичний) finds itself in a position that is favoura ble for changing the sound into voiceless fricative and voiced stops into voiceless stops

Psychological theory (J. Grimm): The shape of glottis of Teutons was different from that of other IE tribes and pronunciation of consonants was modified. The shift of consonants is the result the German’s desire to move.

Concepts of Germanic articulation seeking to explain reasons for Germanic CS Psychological – psychologic nature of old Germans (Grimm), Edward Prokosh : the Germans were influenced by their leaders’ speeches; Climatic conditions (Мейер, Бенфей), Geographic theory: CS took place as a result of expiration strengthening, caused by living conditions in Scandinavian mountains. Theory of substratum – pre Germanic population influenced the Germans in the areas of their settlements (Meye, Карстен, Файст), Change of stress characteristics (Хирт, Бур), articulation peculiarities of germanic occlusives (Meye, Бур, Рюссер, Шмидт), Phonologic correlation (Фурке, Курилович, A. Martinet).

The glottalic theory(Ivanov and Gamkrelidze (USSR) journal Phonetica, 1972, Paul Hopper (USA) journal Glossa, 1973 The Glottalic theory holds that PIE had ejective stops P’ T’ K’ but not the murmured ones bh dh gh, of traditional PIE phonological reconstructions. The Germanic system of consonants is not the result of innovations, on the contrary it retains the archaic system of PIE consonants. So, the changes took place within non-Germanic groups of languages. )

Karl Adolph Verner (7. 03, 1846 -5. 11, 1896)

Verner’s Law PIE PG Voiceless stops > Voiced fricatives > Voiced stops *p >*β > *b: PIE *septm vs. Gothic síbun ‘seven’ *t > *ð > *d: PIE *pətēr vs. OE fæder ‘father’ (medial sound: d rather than t)

Ablaut A. is an independent spontaneous vowel interchange unconnected with any phonetic conditions. Different vowels appear in the same environment, surrounded by the same sounds. Types of ablaut: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative ablaut is the interchange of different vowels, esp. e – o (both long and short). Gr. Lego – logos ‘слово’ lat. tego – toga ‘покриваю’ Quantitative ablaut is the interchange of long and short similar vowels. Three stages: normal, stage of prolongation, zero: e, o; e: , o: ; loss of vowel: sedeo – se: di. Gr pater – pate: r – patros.

West Germanic Gemination is the doubling of consonants – in West Germanic group PG phoneme /j/ in position after one consonant assimilated completely with the proceeding consonant. Goth. saljan – OE sellan. Goth. satjan – OE settan. Voiced spirants after gemination became occlusive: /3/ > /g: / (written as cg) *le 3 jan > licgan. Geminated /f/ was written as bb: *hafjan>hebban.

Nasal loss Nasals were lost before fricatives and the preceding vowel received compensatory lengthening: OE du: st (dust) OHG dunst. OE fi: f OHG – funf. The phonetic law happened before the Germanic tribes (Ingvaeonic tribal unity) invaded the British Isles

Vowel shift PIE short /o/ becoming short /a/ PIE long /a: / becoming long /o: / in PG. PIE /ei/ turned into PG long /i: /. The PG diphthongs /ai/ and /au/ later became /ᾱ/ and /ēā/ respectively in OE.

Other phonetic laws Umlaut is a form of assimilation, the process by which one speech sound is altered to make it more like another adjacent sound. If a word has two vowels, one far back in the mouth and the other far forward, this requires a greater effort to pronounce than if the vowels were closer, and therefore one possible linguistic development is for these two vowels to be drawn closer together. CV C i/j: a/ o / u/ > fronted e, y i-umlaut is the fronting of back vowels and the raising of non-low front vowels before PG /i/or /j/: a>e*taljan > tellan ū > ȳ pre-OE *mūsi > *mȳsi, mȳs >mīs NE mice

Germanic German *fallanan *fallijanan English Dutch Swedish Faroese fallen - fällen to fall - to fell vallen - vellen falla - fälla falla - fella *fōts - *fōtiz Fuß - Füße foot - feet voet - voeten fot - fötter (no umlaut) fótur - føtur *aldaz *alþizô *alþistaz alt - älter am ältesten old - elder eldest oud - ouder - gammal oudst (no äldre - äldst umlaut) (irregular) gamal - eldri - elstur (irregular) *fullaz *fullijanan voll - füllen full - to fill vol - vullen fullur - fylla full - fylla *langaz *langīn/*lan lang - Länge long - length lang - lengte lång - längd giþō *lūs - *lūsiz Laus - Läuse louse - lice luis - luizen (no umlaut) lus - löss langur longd lús - lýs

Development of umlauts in English Germanic Old English Modern English Singular *mūs /maʊs/ 'mouse' Plural *mūsiz mȳs > mīs /maɪs/ 'mice' Singular *fōts fōt /fʊt/ 'foot' Plural *fōtiz fēt /fi: t/ 'feet'

Palatal diphthongization describes a sound change in which front vowels supposedly diphthongized after palatal consonants. Sound changes in weak syllables The Germanic stress rule has contributed to the fact that Germanic weak syllables are bound to be reduced or even completely lost, especially if they are the final segment of a word.

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