PHILOSOPHY: THE SUBJECT AND THE RANGE OF PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS, ITS ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN CULTURE
Philosophy as a Specific Type of Knowledge. The Subject Matter and the Nature of Philosophy as a Theoretical Basis of Worldview Philosophy as a General Methodology The Specific Place of Philosophy in Culture. Functions of Philosophy
Literature Basic: Alexander Spirkin. Fundamentals of Philosophy / Alexander Spirkin. — M. : Progress Publishers, 1990. — 423 p. Donald M. Borchert. Encyclopedia of Philosophy / Donald M. Borchert. — New-York : Thomson Gale, 2006. — Vol. 1— 10. — 6200 p. Jr. H. W. Johnstone What is philosophy? / Jr. H. W. Johnstone. — New-York : Macmillan, 1965. — 287 p. Philosophy. Historical-Philosophical Introduction : [the course of lectures] / L. V. Kadnikova − K. : NAU, 2004. — 172 p. Supplementary: B. Russel A History of Western Philosophy / B. Russel. – London : George Allen & Unviwn LTD, 2002. — 923 p. Mark B. Woodhouse. A preface to philosophy / Mark B. Woodhouse. — [3 d ed. ]. — Belmont, Calif. : Wadsworth, 1984. — 203 p. The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy / Robert Audi. — Cambridge, New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995. — 1001 p. Primary sources: Bertrand Russel. The Problems of Philosophy / Bertrand Russel. – New York : Oxford University Press, 1959. — 61 p. Karl Jaspers. The Origin and Goal of History / Karl Jaspers : [transl. By Michael Bullock]. − New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953. — 294 p. Ortega y Gasset Jose. What is philosophy? — Eelectronic resource : http: //www. erraticimpact. com/~20 thcentury/html/ortega_y_gasset_jose. htm Victor Frankl. Man’s Search for Meaning / Victor Frankl. — New York : Washington Suare Press, 1963. – P. 206— 213.
1. Philosophy as a Specific Type of Knowledge. The Subject Matter and the Nature of Philosophy
Pythagoras initiated the term “philosophy”, meaning“ love for Sophia”, which is often translated, very approximately, “love for wisdom”. Pythagoras Divine Power and Law Truth Logos SOPHIA Wisdom Harmony of Universe Plato made the term “philosophy” part of the European terminology. He did not see “Sophia” as an acquired subjective human property but a great objective quality, “becoming only to a deity, inherent in a reasonably ordered and harmonious world”. Because of his innate mortality and cognitive inadequacy, man could not really merge with Sophia; he could only “love” it. That was the precise meaning that Plato attached to the word “philosophy”, and that is it would be more correct to translate it as “love for the truth”. Plato
is a philosophical category denoting the process of human selfcreation that is developing one’s own “inner world” and personal life position, determining one’s proper place in the world. What do I live for? What do I study for? What do I earn money for? What do I make a career for? To be or not to be? What kind of man to be? What is better: death or disgrace? S. B. Krymskyi, a prominent Ukrainian philosopher, considered that to seek to answers on such questions requires an intensive work of personality's mind and soul in forming his own “internal world". This is man's way to himself. Just here the work of philosophy begins and it makes an area of human spirituality.
An ideal image of man’s vital activity in the world – being of man An ideal product of man’s vital activity in space and time – in the world KNOWLEDGE An ideal (from the Greek “idea” meaning image, similarity) image of the world – natural, social, personal; A substantial base of all forms of man’s activity
RELATION philosophy MAN anthropology WORLD science
science - the system of knowledge about the world, its structure, properties and laws. It operates with facts Contemporary structure of science: -fundamental -natural -technical The purpose of science is the understanding of the world. The maximum forms of its theoretical level are the natural-scientific pictures of the world according to the levels of world organization. Anthropology - the system of knowledge about man, his origin, structure, properties, laws of existence. Contemporary structure of anthropology: -medical-biological sciences -psychology -linguistics -pedagogic -history The purpose of anthropology is the understanding of man’s essence. The maximum form of its theoretical level is a generalized, systematized study of human nature on the basis of all the above mentioned areas.
philosophy The system of knowledge of the most general nature of man’s relation to the world, its structure, properties, and functioning laws. Philosophy deals with purports and senses. Philosophy as a system of theoretical knowledge is the unity of: Principles, Categories and Laws of development and cognition of its object – man’s relation to the world. The aim of philosophy is understanding the purport of man’s relation to the world. The highest form of its theoretical level is a methodology system (from the Greek “methods” meaning the way to something, and “logos” meaning theory - teaching about means, methods of man’s activity. )
The Structure of Philosophy Ontology is the study of Being Ethics is theory of morality Gnosiology (Epistemology) is theory of knowledge and cognition Logic is theory of the forms of thought, rules and norms of the true thinking Aesthetics is theory of art and man’s artistic activity Philosophic anthropology is the study of the human nature, human freedom and responsibility Social philosophy is the studies of laws, norms, order of social life Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles History of Philosophy is a systematized account of philosophical views by chronological, essential and other principles
PHILOSOPHY is a specific form of theoretical knowledge about the world as a unity and possibility to understand it with human mind, which is reflected in the most general notions (categories). It is a form of man’s intellectual activity where the focus is centered on the idea of man in his relation to the world.
Is Philosophy a science? Aristotle (384 – 322 B. C. ) Einstein (1879 -1955)
MAN in his relation to the world is the principal subject matter of philosophy. Philosophy asserts man as the highest value of the world, as the starting point of philosophical knowledge.
Philosophy has got its human dimension. What does it mean? The subject matter of philosophy is man as a general universal category Philosophy meditates not just on man taken separately but on man in his relation to the world. Philosophy does not regard man as an object (like psychology) but only as a subject. Philosophy purports to free man’s thought from various traps for an adequate perception of the world.
2. Philosophy as Theoretical Basis of Worldview
Worldview - is a form of social consciousness through which man realizes and accepts the surrounding world as the world of his own being and defines his proper place in it. (Shynkaruck V. I. ) Horizontal levels of worldview : Sensual – emotions, images, perceptions Rational – knowledge, understanding
The value-normative aspect includes values, ideals, convictions, beliefs and norms. The cognitive aspect is based on generalized knowledge: everyday, scientific, professional. It represents a specific universal world picture The structure of worldview The practical aspect of the worldview is man’s actual readiness for definite type of behavior in some particular situations The moral-volitional aspect means that man should attempt efforts to convert these ideals, norms and values into his own convictions, outlooks
Historical forms of worldview Mythological worldview • The main importance and significance of myths was that they established harmony between man and the world, nature and society, society and an individual and, thus, made certain stability and inner self-agreement possible. • Mythological world perception was based on belief and expediency. It dealt with symbol and image and did not suppose any doubt. Religious worldview • the specificity of religion is its system of worship • Religious worldview doubled the world: one was on this side of the grave, which is unfair and evil and the other – the after death world which is beautiful good and kind. • Religious worldview dealt with symbol and image and did not suppose any doubt either but it asserted a new idea of salvation, the hope for better life. Philosophical worldview • Philosophy is intrinsic to investigating the world beyond the limits of man’s experience. No experience can afford to understand the world as integral, infinite and eternal, reality that immeasurably surpasses man’s abilities • Philosophical worldview has a theoretical level. It appeared in the form of knowledge and has got a systematic character. It operates by logic and begins with doubt.
Basic principles in philosophy Universality means that during all the history of culture philosophy tried to produce universal knowledge and universal principles of spiritualmoral life Substantiality means investigation of the essence of the world, seeking for some constant basis, initial points of everything to explain the world, its structure and functioning not genetically, but on a universal basis. Philosophical worldview is characterized by its theoretical character. Images and symbols of the mythological and religious worldview were replaced by reason. Philosophy tried to solve different worldview problems by means of reason, thinking, using logic and its elements: concepts, categories and laws.
Two different approaches in explaining the surrounding world idealism postulates an unconscious element as Materialism Idealism the basis of being. Subjective idealism, the objective world, independent of man, does not exist, it is the product of man’s takes the world which exists development of the subjective cognitive objectively and independently world is determined by abilities, sensations of the consciousness of man and the spiritual element. and perceptions: to mankind. Explanation of the Objective idealism exist means to be world from the world itself is recognizes the perceived. the worldview and existence of a real The fundamental idea methodological principle of world outside man. is that: things are materialism The irrationalistic complexes of variant of objective sensations.
subjective idealism locks itself within the sphere of the cognizing individual and the sensuous form of his cognition objective idealism lifts the results of human thoughts, of man’s entire culture to an absolute, ascribing to it absolutely independent suprapersonal being and active power. This logic of human thought is expanded to cover the whole world becoming the logic of being itself.
Is the world knowable? Can man grasp its objective laws? Those who believe that the world is in principle unknowable are called agnostics. The most striking example of agnosticism is religious philosophy which rejects the knowability of the world in its desire to assert the primacy of faith over reason.
3. Philosophy as General Methodology
Methods – sets of devices and operations directing the mind towards the path leading to the truth Philosophical methods are devices for the study of objects with the aim of discovering in them the universal laws of movement and development manifested in specific ways in accordance with the specificity of the object.
Methodology is a system of basic principles or elements of generalized modes of the organization and construction of theoretical and practical activity. It is a particular area of philosophical knowledge.
Dialectics is the method based on contradiction and two basic principles: development and universal connection. Dialectics affords a reflection of the extremely complex and contradictory processes of the material and spiritual world. Metaphysics is characterized by the static mode of thinking, by the veering of thought from one extreme to the other by exaggeration of some aspect of an object, such as stability, repetition. The main philosophical methods are dialectics, metaphysics, phenomenology, hermeneutics and others.
4. The Specific Place of Philosophy in Culture. Functions of Philosophy
culture (lat. “cultura" meaning tilling) is activity as a mode of man’s mastering the world. An ensemble of material and non-material values and methods of creating them, and the ability to use them for the advancement of mankind and to transmit them from generation to generation, constitute culture. Material and spiritual culture. The elements of culture are production, way of life, technique, politics, law, moral, science, philosophy, religion, art etc.
Society is an integral social-cultural organism in which the different types of activity of people – material and spiritual – provide the development of every element and connections between these elements in a historical process.
worldview categories of culture pierce all spheres of society’s life
Philosophy plays an integrative role in the system of culture that determines its basic functions: Ø Worldview Ø Gnosiological Ø Methodological Ø Axiological Ø Logical Ø Praxeological Ø Critical Ø Humanistic
Questions and Tasks for Express -Control 1. What does the term “philosophy” mean from Greek? 2. What is the basic worldview question? 3. What is the subject matter of philosophy? 4. Philosophical position, that takes the world objectively, independently of man and mandkind’s consciousness is called… 5. The theory and method of development and universal intercourse is called…
Скачать презентацию PHILOSOPHY THE SUBJECT AND THE RANGE OF PHILOSOPHICAL
The_subject_of_philosophy.pptx