PETROLEUM WHAT IS IT Script for car ad

PETROLEUM: WHAT IS IT? Script for car ad highlighted energy & fuelrelated features that claimed to “help conserve petroleum resources” What properties make petroleum useful for burning & building? Focus on key compounds in petroleum Their physical properties, molecular structure, & how atoms bond to make these key compounds

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? Crude oil – petroleum pumped from underground Mixture of many compounds Colorless to greenish-brown to black Fluid as water or as resistant to flow as soft tar. Crude oil is not useable Must be refined – separated into simpler mixtures

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? Some mixtures are ready to use Others require more refining Refined petroleum is mainly a mixture of hydrocarbons, molecular compounds that contain only atoms of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C)

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? Most petroleum is used as a fuel (89%) Burning petroleum provides nearly ½ of the total U. S. energy needs Gasoline powers millions of U. S. automobiles, each traveling 14, 000 miles per year Other petroleum based fuels heat homes & office buildings, deliver energy to generate electricity, & power diesel engines & jet aircraft

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? Petroleum is also a raw material for many familiar & useful products New substances (e. g. , medications & plastics) (7%) Other products (e. g. , lubricants, road-paving tar) (4%) Nonrenewable resource

PETRO LEUM PRODU CTS

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? When hydrocarbons burn, the react with oxygen in the air to produce carbon dioxide and water – and, of course, energy Cx. Hx + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + energy

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? Methane burning CH 4 + 2 O 2 CO 2 + 2 H 2 O + energy

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? Ethane burning C 2 H 6 + 7 O 2 4 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + energy

WHAT IS PETROLEUM? Petroleum is not uniformly distributed around the world 66% Middle Eastern Nations 5% North America 4% Central Asia, Far East, Oceana Figure 3. 4, p. 214 – more details

WHAT IS PETROLEUM?

WHAT IS PETROLEUM?

Separation of liquid substances based on their different boiling points Distillate: Condensed liquid collected

PETROLEUM REFINING Crude oil is a mixture of many compounds It takes more than simple distillation to separate them Refining process separates the crude oil mixture into several smaller mixtures, called fractions This process is called fractional distillation Compounds in each fraction have a particular range of boiling points & specific uses

REFINING CRUDE OIL These fractionating towers contain many different levels of condensers to cool the oil vapor as it rises. Temperatures range from about 400 o. C (at the base) to 40 o. C (at the top).

PETROLEUM REFINING Crude oil is heated to about 400 o. C in a furnace Pumped into the base of a distilling column (fractionating tower), which is usually more than 100 ft (30 m) tall Many components of the heated crude oil vaporize

PETROLEUM REFINING Temperature of the distilling column is highest at the bottom Temperature drops towards the top Trays arranged at appropriate heights inside the column collect the various condensed fractions

PETROLEUM REFINING Smaller, lighter molecules – lowest boiling points – either condense high in the column or are drawn off the top of the tower as gases

PETROLEUM REFINING Fractions with larger molecules & higher boiling points are more difficult to separate Require more heat energy to vaporize Condense back into a liquid in trays lower in the column

CHEMICAL BONDING Organic Chemistry – focuses on hydrocarbons & substances that are made from them Called “organic”, because early chemists that living systems were needed to produce hydrocarbons Not so – for 150 years - reactants other than petroleum have been used to make “organic” compounds

CHEMICAL BONDING Hydrocarbon molecules Carbon atoms join to make a carbon chain backbone Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon chain backbone Carbon’s ability to bond the way it does explains the abundance of different hydrocarbon compounds

HYDROCARBON CHAINS

CHEMICAL BONDING Atoms Nucleus Protons Neutrons Shells (Energy Levels) Electrons Each shell can hold a specific maximum number of electrons

Li Be B C N O F Ne 2 nd 3 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 1 in 2 nd shell 4 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 2 in 2 nd shell 5 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 3 in 2 nd shell 6 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 4 in 2 nd shell 7 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 5 in 2 nd shell 8 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 6 in 2 nd shell 9 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 7 in 2 nd shell 10 e- - 2 in 1 st shell, 8 in 2 nd shell only holds 8 e-, so new shell starts

CHEMICAL BONDING

CHEMICAL BONDING Atoms whose last (outer) shell is filled are unreactive Found on the right side of the Periodic Table – Group 18 They all have 8 e- in the outer shell (except for He, because the 1 st shell can only hold 2 e-) Called the “noble gases” or “inert gases”

CHEMICAL BONDING Atoms in Group 17 are very reactive They tend to gain 1 e- to finish the shell Example: F + 1 e- F 1 - (8 e- in outer shell) Atoms in Group 1 are very reactive They tend to lose 1 e-. In the process, they lose the entire outer shell. The shell that is now exposed is filled, or finished. Example: Na 1+ + 1 e- (8 e- in outer shell)

CHEMICAL BONDING Compounds made of nonmetals achieve filled outer shells by sharing electrons Covalent bonding H has 1 e- in a shell that can hold 2 e-. So, it is “missing” 1 e If two H atoms come together, they can each share the 1 e- they have. Each H has the use of its e- as well as the use of the e- from the other H.

CHEMICAL BONDING H Single + H covalent bond – 1 shared pair of e- H: H

CHEMICAL BONDING C atom has 6 e-, 2 in the 1 st shell & 4 in the 2 nd shell needs 4 more e- to have a total of 8 e Methane, CH 4, is the simplest hydrocarbon What would the “dot” equation look like? 4 single bonds

CHEMICAL BONDING Structures showing the valence e- as dots are called: Electron-dot formulas Lewis dot structures Lewis structures

For convenience, each e- pair can be written as a dash. These kind of representations are called a structural formulas.

Alkanes: hydrocarbons with single bonds Alkenes: hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds Alkynes: carbons with one or more triple bond

Name Molecular Form ula Isomers Name Molecular Form ula methane CH 4 1 hexane C 6 H 14 CH 3(CH 2)4 CH 3 5 ethane C 2 H 6 CH 3 1 heptane C 7 H 16 CH 3(CH 2)5 CH 3 9 propane C 3 H 8 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 1 octane C 8 H 18 CH 3(CH 2)6 CH 3 18 butane C 4 H 10 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 2 nonane C 9 H 20 CH 3(CH 2)7 CH 3 35 pentane C 5 H 12 CH 3(CH 2)3 CH 3 3 decane C 10 H 22 CH 3(CH 2)8 CH 3 75 Structural Formula Isomers

Straight-Chain Alkanes: Carbons in a straight line Branched-Chain One carbons can be linked to 3 or 4 other carbons Ring Alkanes: Structure Alkanes Form a circle of carbons

Structural Isomer: Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms. Structural Isomers of Propanol

Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. The yne suffix (ending) indicates an alkyne or ene suffix indicates an alkene. 2. Select the longest chain containing the double or triple bond. 3. Number from the end nearest the double or triple bond. 4. Specify where the bond starts. EX.

1. 2. CH 3 -CH=CH-CH 3 3. CH 3 -C C-CH 3

Akhmetova Aizhan Togzhanova Bakhyttygul